scholarly journals Crosstalk between Neuron and Glial Cells in Oxidative Injury and Neuroprotection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13315
Author(s):  
Kyung Hee Lee ◽  
Myeounghoon Cha ◽  
Bae Hwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Oxidative Injury ◽  
Redox Balance ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

To counteract oxidative stress and associated brain diseases, antioxidant systems rescue neuronal cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species and preserving gene regulation. It is necessary to understand the communication and interactions between brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes and microglia, to understand oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanisms. Here, the role of glia in the protection of neurons against oxidative injury and glia–neuron crosstalk to maintain antioxidant defense mechanisms and brain protection are reviewed. The first part of this review focuses on the role of glia in the morphological and physiological changes required for brain homeostasis under oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms. The second part focuses on the essential crosstalk between neurons and glia for redox balance in the brain for protection against oxidative stress.

scholarly journals The role of astroglia in neuroprotection

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Constant Support ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Astrocytes are the main neural cell type responsible for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. They form highly organized anatomical domains that are interconnected into extensive networks. These features, along with the expression of a wide array of receptors, transporters, and ion channels, ideally position them to sense and dynamically modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes cooperate with neurons on several levels, including neurotransmitter trafficking and recycling, ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, and defense against oxidative stress. The critical dependence of neurons upon their constant support confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties which are discussed here. Conversely, pathogenic stimuli may disturb astrocytic function, thus compromising neuronal functionality and viability. Using neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatic encephalopathy as examples, we discuss how astrocytic defense mechanisms may be overwhelmed in pathological conditions, contributing to disease progression.

scholarly journals Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in Brassicaceae plants under abiotic stresses

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-244
Author(s):  
Faiçal Brini ◽  
◽  
Walid Saibi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Cellular Processes

Brassicaceae plants, as an important source of primary and secondary metabolites, are becoming a research model in plant science. Plants have developed different ways to ward off environmental stress factors. This is lead to the activation of various defense mechanisms resulting in a qualitative and/or quantitative change in plant metabolite production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is being continuously produced in cell during normal cellular processes. Under stress conditions, there are excessive production of ROS causing progressive oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. Despite their destructive activity, ROS are considered as important secondary messengers of signaling pathway that control metabolic fluxes and a variety of cellular processes. Plant response to environmental stress depends on the delicate equilibrium between ROS production, and their scavenging. This balance of ROS level is required for performing its dual role of acting as a defensive molecule in signaling pathway or a destructive molecule. Efficient scavenging of ROS produced during various environmental stresses requires the action of several non-enzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants present in the tissues. In this review, we describe the ROS production and its turnover and the role of ROS as messenger molecules as well as inducers of oxidative damage in Brassicaceae plants. Further, the antioxidant defense mechanisms comprising of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants have been discussed. Keywords: Abiotic stress, Antioxidant defence, Brassicaceae, Oxidative stress, ROS

scholarly journals Comparison of coenzyme Q10 or fish oil for prevention of intermittent hypoxia-induced oxidative injury in neonatal rat lungs

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina D’Agrosa ◽  
Charles L. Cai ◽  
Faisal Siddiqui ◽  
Karen Deslouches ◽  
Stephen Wadowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Oxidative Injury ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Antioxidant Systems

Abstract Background Neonatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) results in oxidative distress in preterm infants with immature antioxidant systems, contributing to lung injury. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and fish oil protect against oxidative injury. We tested the hypothesis that CoQ10 is more effective than fish oil for prevention of IH-induced lung injury in neonatal rats. Methods Newborn rats were exposed to two clinically relevant IH paradigms at birth (P0): (1) 50% O2 with brief hypoxia (12% O2); or (2) room air (RA) with brief hypoxia (12% O2), until P14 during which they were supplemented with daily oral CoQ10, fish oil, or olive oil from P0 to P14. Pups were studied at P14 or placed in RA until P21 with no further treatment. Lungs were assessed for histopathology and morphometry; biomarkers of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation; and antioxidants. Results Of the two neonatal IH paradigms 21%/12% O2 IH resulted in the most severe outcomes, evidenced by histopathology and morphometry. CoQ10 was effective for preserving lung architecture and reduction of IH-induced oxidative stress biomarkers. In contrast, fish oil resulted in significant adverse outcomes including oversimplified alveoli, hemorrhage, reduced secondary crest formation and thickened septae. This was associated with elevated oxidants and antioxidants activities. Conclusions Data suggest that higher FiO2 may be needed between IH episodes to curtail the damaging effects of IH, and to provide the lungs with necessary respite. The negative outcomes with fish oil supplementation suggest oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation.

scholarly journals Spermine: Its Emerging Role in Regulating Drought Stress Responses in Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Md. Mahadi Hasan ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Mohammad Shah Jahan ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hossain ◽  
Zunaira Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
New Information ◽  
Effects Of Drought

In recent years, research on spermine (Spm) has turned up a lot of new information about this essential polyamine, especially as it is able to counteract damage from abiotic stresses. Spm has been shown to protect plants from a variety of environmental insults, but whether it can prevent the adverse effects of drought has not yet been reported. Drought stress increases endogenous Spm in plants and exogenous application of Spm improves the plants’ ability to tolerate drought stress. Spm’s role in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, glyoxalase systems, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, and creating tolerance for drought-induced oxidative stress is well documented in plants. However, the influences of enzyme activity and osmoregulation on Spm biosynthesis and metabolism are variable. Spm interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, to coordinate the reactions necessary for developing drought tolerance. This review focuses on the role of Spm in plants under severe drought stress. We have proposed models to explain how Spm interacts with existing defense mechanisms in plants to improve drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Role of Selenium and Selenoproteins in Male Reproductive Function: A Review of Past and Present Evidences

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izhar Hyder Qazi ◽  
Christiana Angel ◽  
Haoxuan Yang ◽  
Evangelos Zoidis ◽  
Bo Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Male Reproductive Function ◽  
The Subject

Selenium (Se) is an important trace mineral having many essential roles at the cellular and organismal levels in animal and human health. The biological effects of Se are mainly carried out by selenoproteins (encoded by 25 genes in humans and 24 in mice). As an essential component of selenoproteins, Se performs structural and enzymic roles; in the latter context it is well known for its catalytic and antioxidative functions. Studies involving different animal models have added great value to our understanding regarding the potential implications of Se and selenoproteins in mammalian fertility and reproduction. In this review, we highlight the implications of selenoproteins in male fertility and reproduction followed by the characteristic biological functions of Se and selenoproteins associated with overall male reproductive function. It is evident from observations of past studies (both animal and human) that Se is essentially required for spermatogenesis and male fertility, presumably because of its vital role in modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and other essential biological pathways and redox sensitive transcription factors. However, bearing in mind the evidences from mainstream literature, it is also advisable to perform more studies focusing on the elucidation of additional roles played by the peculiar and canonical selenoproteins i.e., glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) in the male reproductive functions. Nevertheless, search for the elucidation of additional putative mechanisms potentially modulated by other biologically relevant selenoproteins should also be included in the scope of future studies. However, as for the implication of Se in fertility and reproduction in men, though a few clinical trials explore the effects of Se supplementation on male fertility, due to inconsistencies in the recruitment of subjects and heterogeneity of designs, the comparison of such studies is still complicated and less clear. Therefore, further research focused on the roles of Se and selenoproteins is awaited for validating the evidences at hand and outlining any therapeutic schemes intended for improving male fertility. As such, new dimensions could be added to the subject of male fertility and Se supplementation.

scholarly journals Identification of Redox-Sensitive Transcription Factors as Markers of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1138
Author(s):  
Martina Schiavello ◽  
Elena Gazzano ◽  
Loredana Bergandi ◽  
Francesca Silvagno ◽  
Roberta Libener ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Aggressive Cancer

Although asbestos has been banned in most countries around the world, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a current problem. MPM is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis, so it is crucial to identify new markers in the preventive field. Asbestos exposure induces oxidative stress and its carcinogenesis has been linked to a strong oxidative damage, event counteracted by antioxidant systems at the pulmonary level. The present study has been focused on some redox-sensitive transcription factors that regulate cellular antioxidant defense and are overexpressed in many tumors, such as Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), Ref-1 (Redox effector factor 1), and FOXM1 (Forkhead box protein M1). The research was performed in human mesothelial and MPM cells. Our results have clearly demonstrated an overexpression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 in mesothelioma towards mesothelium, and a consequent activation of downstream genes controlled by these factors, which in turn regulates antioxidant defense. This event is mediated by oxidative free radicals produced when mesothelial cells are exposed to asbestos fibers. We observed an increased expression of Nrf2, Ref-1, and FOXM1 towards untreated cells, confirming asbestos as the mediator of oxidative stress evoked at the mesothelium level. These factors can therefore be considered predictive biomarkers of MPM and potential pharmacological targets in the treatment of this aggressive cancer.

The role of corneal crystallins in the cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Lassen ◽  
William J. Black ◽  
Tia Estey ◽  
Vasilis Vasiliou
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Defense

scholarly journals Antioxidant defense in centenarians (a preliminary study).

2000 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Kłapcińska ◽  
J Derejczyk ◽  
K Wieczorowska-Tobis ◽  
A Sobczak ◽  
E Sadowska-Krepa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Preliminary Study

The study was designed to assess the antioxidant defense mechanisms, either enzymatic or non-enzymatic, in a group of sixteen centenarians (one male and fifteen female subjects aged 101 to 105 years) living in the Upper Silesia district (Poland) in order to evaluate the potential role of antioxidant defenses in human longevity. The results of our preliminary study showed that in comparison with young healthy female adults the centenarians had significantly higher red blood cell glutathione reductase and catalase activities and higher, although insignificantly, serum vitamin E level.

scholarly journals The role of the antioxidant: Selenopyran in the stability of the antioxidant system to toxic effect of cadmium chloride

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
U. Kravchenko ◽  
G. Borjaev ◽  
M. Nevitov ◽  
A. Ostapchuk ◽  
E. Kistanova
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant System ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Selenium Concentration ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Gpx Activity ◽  
Preventive Role

The purpose of the present work was, under conditions of the model experiment on rats, to tap the information about the features of shortterm acclimatization of the antioxidant system in various organs to toxicity of cadmium at stages of an ontogenesis and about the preventive role of the antioxidant selenopyran in this process. The obtained results showed the ontogenetic differences in the adaptive reactivity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in the most important organs and tissues of rats under conditions of oxidative stress induced by cadmium. The ontogenetic differences of Se redistribution in a body under influence of cadmium administration were found. The discovered decrease of Se concentration in the liver of young animals and the increase of its concentration in the liver of old animals correlated positively with the changes of GPx activity. Preventive administration of selenopyran (9- phenyl-simmetrical octa-hydroselenoxanthene) to old animals reduced the oxidative stress intensity. Animals of all age groups showed higher selenium concentration in the tissues and the increase in the selenium-dependent GPx activity.

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