scholarly journals The Interplay between Host Defense, Infection, and Clinical Status in Septic Patients: A Narrative Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Alessandro Lazzaro ◽  
Gabriella De Girolamo ◽  
Valeria Filippi ◽  
Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti ◽  
Letizia Santinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Status ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
The Complement System

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to an infection injures its own tissues and organs. Despite significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, its pathogenesis and mechanisms are not clearly understood. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the recent developments in our understanding of the hallmarks of sepsis pathogenesis (immune and adaptive immune response, the complement system, the endothelial disfunction, and autophagy) and highlight novel laboratory diagnostic approaches. Clinical management is also discussed with pivotal consideration for antimicrobic therapy management in particular settings, such as intensive care unit, altered renal function, obesity, and burn patients.

scholarly journals Hypothetical COVID-19 protection mechanism: hints from centenarians

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franca Rosa Guerini ◽  
Matteo Cesari ◽  
Beatrice Arosio
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Human Leukocyte ◽  
Human Longevity ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Leukocyte Antigen ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractThe risk of serious complications and the fatality rate due to COVID-19 pandemic have proven particularly higher in older persons, putting a further strain in healthcare system as we dramatically observed.COVID-19 is not exclusively gerophile (géro “old” and philia “love”) as young people can be infected, even if older people experience more severe symptoms and mortality due to their greater frailty. Indeed, frailty could complicate the course of COVID-19, much more than the number of years lived. As demonstration, there are centenarians showing remarkable capacity to recover after coronavirus infection.We hypothesize that centenarian’s portfolio could help in identifying protective biological mechanisms underlying the coronavirus infection.The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is one of the major genetic regions associated with human longevity, due to its central role in the development of adaptive immune response and modulation of the individual’s response to life threatening diseases. The HLA locus seems to be crucial in influencing susceptibility and severity of COVID-19.In this hypothesis, we assume that the biological process in which HLA are involved may explain some aspects of coronavirus infection in centenarians, although we cannot rule out other biological mechanisms that these extraordinary persons are able to adopt to cope with the infection.

scholarly journals Cathepsins in Bacteria-Macrophage Interaction: Defenders or Victims of Circumstance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Szulc-Dąbrowska ◽  
Magdalena Bossowska-Nowicka ◽  
Justyna Struzik ◽  
Felix N. Toka
Keyword(s):  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Intracellular Digestion ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Recent Developments

Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate inflammatory response. Intracellular digestion occurs through a close relationship between phagocytic/endocytic and lysosomal pathways, in which proteolytic enzymes, such as cathepsins, are involved. The presence of cathepsins in the endo-lysosomal compartment permits direct interaction with and killing of bacteria, and may contribute to processing of bacterial antigens for presentation, an event necessary for the induction of antibacterial adaptive immune response. Therefore, it is not surprising that bacteria can control the expression and proteolytic activity of cathepsins, including their inhibitors – cystatins, to favor their own intracellular survival in macrophages. In this review, we summarize recent developments in defining the role of cathepsins in bacteria-macrophage interaction and describe important strategies engaged by bacteria to manipulate cathepsin expression and activity in macrophages. Particularly, we focus on specific bacterial species due to their clinical relevance to humans and animal health, i.e., Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Francisella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Helicobacter, Neisseria, and other genera.

scholarly journals Convalescent Plasma: A Potential Treatment for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Mohiuddin Ahmed Khan ◽  
Mafruha Akter
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Life Threatening Illness ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Specific Standard

As no specific standard therapies have been approved for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), so prevention and supportive care dominate the approach to COVID-19. Exposure to this severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in an adaptive immune response that commonly include antibodies with neutralization activity. Treatments directly targeting the virus and the inflammatory response to it remain investigational. Convalescent plasma (CP) is such a therapy that had been reported hundred years back in studies from the Spanish influenza era. So the idea of convalescent plasma from subjects who have recovered from viral infections has been used to both prevent or treat disease. Over the past two decades’ notable examples of the successful use of convalescent plasma (CP) include influenza, measles, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Ebola and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Two case series were recently published by China examining the therapeutic use of CP in patients with COVID-19. In the context of pandemic situation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allowed to use COVID-19 convalescent plasma as Investigational New Drug (IND) since April 2020 to help patients with serious or immediately life-threatening illness associated with COVID- 19. Case series studying convalescent plasma use in the treatment of COVID-19 have been promising, but additional, high-quality studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the treatment when applied for prophylaxis, for early phases of illness and for severe illness. Bangladesh also started program to use convalescent plasma for severe and critical COVID-19 patients under limited clinical trial. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 109-115

scholarly journals TLR Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants Targeting Cancer and Infectious Diseases

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Marina Luchner ◽  
Sören Reinke ◽  
Anita Milicic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Transmembrane Receptors ◽  
Tlr Agonists ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Endosomal Membranes ◽  
Life Threatening

Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine adjuvants that enhance the immune response to purified antigens are critically needed. Further advantages of adjuvants include dose sparing, increased vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals and the potential to protect against highly variable pathogens by broadening the immune response. Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, which are predominantly expressed by innate immune cells. They can be classified into cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9), expressed on endosomal membranes. Besides a transmembrane domain, each TLR possesses a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) segment that mediates PAMP/DAMP recognition and a TIR domain that delivers the downstream signal transduction and initiates an inflammatory response. Thus, TLRs are excellent targets for adjuvants to provide a “danger” signal to induce an effective immune response that leads to long-lasting protection. The present review will elaborate on applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, with a focus on clinically relevant adjuvants.

scholarly journals Herpesvirus Evasion of Natural Killer Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffi De Pelsmaeker ◽  
Nicolas Romero ◽  
Massimo Vitale ◽  
Herman W. Favoreel
Keyword(s):  
Nk Cells ◽  
Natural Killer ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Nk Cell Activity ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Life Threatening

ABSTRACTNatural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the host response against viral infections and cancer development. They are able to kill virus-infected and tumor cells, and they produce different important cytokines that stimulate the antiviral and antitumor adaptive immune response, particularly interferon gamma. NK cells are of particular importance in herpesvirus infections, which is illustrated by systemic and life-threatening herpesvirus disease symptoms in patients with deficiencies in NK cell activity and by the myriad of reports describing herpesvirus NK cell evasion strategies. The latter is particularly obvious for cytomegaloviruses, but increasing evidence indicates that most, if not all, members of the herpesvirus family suppress NK cell activity to some extent. This review discusses the different NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses and how this knowledge may translate to clinical applications.

scholarly journals Complement Receptors and Their Role in Leukocyte Recruitment and Phagocytosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Vandendriessche ◽  
Seppe Cambier ◽  
Paul Proost ◽  
Pedro E. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Complement Receptors ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
The Complement System

The complement system is deeply embedded in our physiology and immunity. Complement activation generates a multitude of molecules that converge simultaneously on the opsonization of a target for phagocytosis and activation of the immune system via soluble anaphylatoxins. This response is used to control microorganisms and to remove dead cells, but also plays a major role in stimulating the adaptive immune response and the regeneration of injured tissues. Many of these effects inherently depend on complement receptors expressed on leukocytes and parenchymal cells, which, by recognizing complement-derived molecules, promote leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis of microorganisms and clearance of immune complexes. Here, the plethora of information on the role of complement receptors will be reviewed, including an analysis of how this functionally and structurally diverse group of molecules acts jointly to exert the full extent of complement regulation of homeostasis.

May-Thurner syndrome – Are we aware enough?

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Mako ◽  
Attila Puskas
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Iliac Vein ◽  
Common Iliac Vein ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Compression Syndrome ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Iliac Vein Compression ◽  
Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome ◽  
The Right

Summary. Iliac vein compression syndrome (May-Thurner syndrome – MTS) is an anatomically variable clinical condition in which the left common iliac vein is compressed between the right common iliac artery and the underlying spine. This anatomic variant results in an increased incidence of left iliac or iliofemoral vein thrombosis. It predominantly affects young women in the second or third decades of life with preponderance during pregnancy or oral contraceptive use. Although MTS is rare, its true prevalence is underestimated but it can be a life-threatening condition due to development of pulmonary embolism (PE). In this case based review the authors present three cases of MTS. All patients had been previously confirmed with PE, but despite they were admitted to hospital, diagnosed and correctly treated for PE and investigated for thrombophilia, the iliac vein compression syndrome was not suspected or investigated. With this presentation the authors would like to emphasize that MTS is mostly underdiagnosed, and it needs to be ruled out in left iliofemoral vein thrombosis in young individuals.

Severe Alveolar Hemorrhage – What’s in it for the Gastroenterologist?

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-558
Author(s):  
Alina Popp
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Alveolar Hemorrhage ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Pulmonary Infiltrates ◽  
Pulmonary Hemosiderosis ◽  
Threatening Condition ◽  
Life Threatening

Background: Alveolar hemorrhage is a potentially life-threatening condition which is usually managed by the pulmonologist. When considering its etiology, there is a rare association that sets the disease into the hands of the gastroenterologist. Case presentation: We report the case of a 48 year-old female who was admitted to the intensive care unit for severe anemia and hemoptysis. On imaging, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of alveolar hemorrhage were detected and a diagnosis of pulmonary hemosiderosis was made. She received cortisone therapy and hematologic correction of anemia, with slow recovery. In search of an etiology for the pulmonary hemosiderosis, an extensive workup was done, and celiac disease specific serology was found positive. After confirmation of celiac disease by biopsy, a diagnosis of Lane-Hamilton syndrome was established. The patient was recommended a gluten-free diet and at 6 months follow-up, resolution of anemia and pulmonary infiltrates were observed. Conclusion: Although the association is rare, celiac disease should be considered in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. In our case, severe anemia and alveolar infiltrates markedly improved with glucocorticoids and gluten-free diet. Abbreviations: APTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; BAL: bronchoalveolar lavage; CD: celiac disease; Cd: crypt depth; GFD: gluten-free diet; GI: gastrointestinal; IEL: intraepithelial lymphocyte; INR: international normalized ratio; IPH: idiopathic pu

Is Alzheimer disease a failure of mobilizing immune defense? Lessons from cognitively fit oldest-old

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer Disease ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Effector T Cells ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Multifaceted evidence supports the hypothesis that inflammatory-immune mechanisms contribute to Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology and genetic association of several immune specific genes (TREM2, CR1, and CD33) suggests that maladaptive immune responses may be pivotal drivers of AD pathogenesis. We reviewed microglia-related data from postmortem AD studies and examined supporting evidence from AD animal models to answer the following questions: i) What is the temporal sequence of immune activation in AD progression and what is its impact on cognition? ii) Are there discordant, "primed", microglia responses in AD vs successful cognitive aging? iii) Does central nervous system (CNS) repair in aging depend on recruitment of the elements of cellular adaptive immune response such as effector T cells, and can the recruitment of systemic immune cells ameliorate AD neuropathology? iv) How effective are the immune-system-based therapeutic approaches currently employed for the treatment of AD?

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