scholarly journals Inflammatory Burden and Immunomodulative Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Ting-Wei Kao ◽  
Chin-Chou Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Holistic Care ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Illness ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Burden

Phenotyping cardiovascular illness and recognising heterogeneities within are pivotal in the contemporary era. Besides traditional risk factors, accumulated evidence suggested that a high inflammatory burden has emerged as a key characteristic modulating both the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases, inclusive of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. To mechanistically elucidate the correlation, signalling pathways downstream to Toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerisation domain-like receptors, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, and corresponding cytokines were raised as central mechanisms exerting the effect of inflammation. Other remarkable adjuvant factors include oxidative stress and secondary ferroptosis. These molecular discoveries have propelled pharmaceutical advancements. Statin was suggested to confer cardiovascular benefits not only by lowering cholesterol levels but also by attenuating inflammation. Colchicine was repurposed as an immunomodulator co-administered with coronary intervention. Novel interleukin-1β and −6 antagonists exhibited promising cardiac benefits in the recent trials as well. Moreover, manipulation of gut microbiota and associated metabolites was addressed to antagonise inflammation-related cardiovascular pathophysiology. The gut-cardio-renal axis was therein established to explain the mutual interrelationship. As for future perspectives, artificial intelligence in conjunction with machine learning could better elucidate the sequencing of the microbiome and data mining. Comprehensively understanding the interplay between the gut microbiome and its cardiovascular impact will help identify future therapeutic targets, affording holistic care for patients with cardiovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Structural Design of Vascular Stents: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Chen Pan ◽  
Yafeng Han ◽  
Jiping Lu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Vascular Stent ◽  
Vascular Stents ◽  
Stent Restenosis ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
Representative Unit Cell ◽  
Volume Unit

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is currently the most conventional and effective method for clinically treating cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Stent implantation, as one of the ways of PCI in the treatment of coronary artery diseases, has become a hot spot in scientific research with more and more patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases. However, vascular stent implanted into vessels of patients often causes complications such as In-Stent Restenosis (ISR). The vascular stent is one of the sophisticated medical devices, a reasonable structure of stent can effectively reduce the complications. In this paper, we introduce the evolution, performance evaluation standards, delivery and deployment, and manufacturing methods of vascular stents. Based on a large number of literature pieces, this paper focuses on designing structures of vascular stents in terms of “bridge (or link)” type, representative volume unit (RVE)/representative unit cell (RUC), and patient-specific stent. Finally, this paper gives an outlook on the future development of designing vascular stents.

scholarly journals Phosphorylation of the Regulators, a Complex Facet of NF-κB Signaling in Cancer

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Aishat Motolani ◽  
Matthew Martin ◽  
Mengyao Sun ◽  
Tao Lu
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Nuclear Factor Kappa B ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Post Translational Modifications ◽  
Site Specific

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor central to inflammation and various malignant diseases in humans. The regulation of NF-κB can be influenced by a myriad of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, one of the most popular PTM formats in NF-κB signaling. The regulation by phosphorylation modification is not limited to NF-κB subunits, but it also encompasses the diverse regulators of NF-κB signaling. The differential site-specific phosphorylation of NF-κB itself or some NF-κB regulators can result in dysregulated NF-κB signaling, often culminating in events that induce cancer progression and other hyper NF-κB related diseases, such as inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, as well as neurodegenerative diseases, etc. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of phosphorylation in NF-κB signaling and the mechanisms through which they aid cancer progression. Additionally, we highlight some of the known and novel NF-κB regulators that are frequently subjected to phosphorylation. Finally, we provide some future perspectives in terms of drug development to target kinases that regulate NF-κB signaling for cancer therapeutic purposes.

Host response to cytoadherence in Plasmodium falciparum

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srabasti J. Chakravorty ◽  
Katie R. Hughes ◽  
Alister G. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Malarial Infection ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Adhesive Interactions ◽  
Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tnf Tumour Necrosis Factor

Cytoadherence of PRBCs (Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells) to host endothelium has been associated with pathology in severe malaria, but, despite extensive information on the primary processes involved in the adhesive interactions, the mechanisms underlying the disease are poorly understood. Endothelial cells have the ability to mobilize immune and pro-adhesive responses when exposed to both PRBCs and TNF (tumour necrosis factor). In addition, there is also an up-regulation by PRBCs and TNF and a concurrent down-regulation of a range of genes involved in inflammation and cell death, by PRBCs and TNF. We propose that the balance between positive and negative regulation will contribute to endothelial pathology during malarial infection. Apposition of PRBCs has been shown by a number of groups to activate signalling pathways. This is dependent, at least in part, on the cytoadherence characteristics of the invading isolate, such that the avidity of the PRBC for the receptor on host endothelium is proportional to the level of activation of the signalling pathways. An understanding of the post-adhesive processes produced by cytoadherence may help us to understand the variable pathology seen in malaria and to design appropriate therapies to alleviate severe disease.

scholarly journals TRADITIONAL RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES. (LITERATURE REVIEW)

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (01) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Guljan Risbayevna Dyusebayeva ◽  
◽  
Sarviniso Islamovna Ibragimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors

“I feel fine. Do I really need to take a cholesterol pill?”

HIV ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 189-200
Author(s):  
Arvind Nishtala ◽  
Matthew J. Feinstein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors

With widespread antiretroviral therapy (ART) accessibility and uptake, HIV has transitioned in many ways to a chronic condition marked by heightened risks of non-communicable diseases. Several clinical and epidemiological studies over the past two decades have demonstrated elevated risks for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among people with HIV. These risks appear to be particularly elevated among people with histories of long periods of uncontrolled viremia and CD4 lymphopenia, and dovetail with traditional risk factors (such as smoking) that are common among people with HIV. This chapter presents a discussion of the evolving epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and putative mechanisms of CVDs among people with HIV.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics—A Promising Strategy in Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9737
Author(s):  
Beata Olas
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Synbiotic Supplementation ◽  
Commercial Probiotics

Recent evidence suggests that probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics may serve as important dietary components in the prevention (especially) and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but the recommendations for their use are often based on brief reports and small clinical studies. This review evaluates the current literature on the correlation between CVD and probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. Although research on probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has grown exponentially in recent years, particularly regarding the effect of probiotics on CVD, their mechanisms have not been clearly defined. It has been proposed that probiotics lower cholesterol levels, and may protect against CVD, by increasing bile salt synthesis and bile acid deconjugation. Similar effects have also been observed for prebiotics and synbiotics; however, probiotics also appear to have anti-oxidative, anti-platelet and anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, probiotics not only have demonstrated effects in vitro and in animal models, but also in humans, where supplementation with probiotics decreases the risk factors of CVD. In addition, the properties of commercial probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics remain undetermined, and further experimental research is needed before these substances can be used in the prevention and treatment of CVD. In particular, well-designed clinical trials are required to determine the influence of probiotics on trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which is believed to be a marker of CVDs, and to clarify the long-term effects, and action, of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in combination with drug therapy (for example, aspirin). However, while it cannot be unequivocally stated whether such supplementation yields benefits in the prevention and treatment of CVDs, it is important to note that clinical studies performed to date have not identified any side-effects to use.

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