scholarly journals A Synergetic Theory of Information

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Vyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Information Law ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Synergetic Theory ◽  
First Time

A new approach is presented to defining the amount of information, in which information is understood as the data about a finite set as a whole, whereas the average length of an integrative code of elements serves as a measure of information. In the framework of this approach, the formula for the syntropy of a reflection was obtained for the first time, that is, the information which two intersecting finite sets reflect (reproduce) about each other. Features of a reflection of discrete systems through a set of their parts are considered and it is shown that reproducible information about the system (the additive syntropy of reflection) and non-reproducible information (the entropy of reflection) are, respectively, measures of the structural order and the chaos. At that, the general classification of discrete systems is given by the ratio of the order and the chaos. Three information laws have been established: The law of conservation of the sum of chaos and order; the information law of reflection; and the law of conservation and transformation of information. An assessment of the structural organization and the level of development of discrete systems is presented. It is shown that various measures of information are structural characteristics of integrative codes of elements of discrete systems. A conclusion is made that, from the information-genetic positions, the synergetic approach to the definition of the quantity of information is primary in relation to the approaches of Hartley and Shannon.

scholarly journals Synergetic Theory of Information

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Vyatkin
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Finite Sets ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Information Law ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Theory Of Information ◽  
The Law ◽  
Synergetic Theory

A new approach is presented to defining the amount of information, in which information is understood as the data about a finite set as a whole, whereas the average length of an integrative code of elements serves as a measure of information. We obtain a formula for the syntropy of reflection, that is, the information that two intersecting finite sets reflect about each other. The specificities of reflection of discrete systems through the combination of their parts are considered, and it is shown that the additive syntropy and entropy of reflection are measures of structural order and chaos. Three information laws have been established: the law of conservation of the sum of chaos and order; information law of reflection; the law of conservation and transformation of information. An assessment of the structural organization and the level of development of discrete systems is presented. It is shown that various measures of information are structural characteristics of integrative codes of elements of discrete systems. The conclusion is made that, from the informational-genetic positions, the synergetic theory of information is primary in relation to the Hartley-Shannon information theory. In the appendix we consider the asymmetry of the mutual reflection of finite sets and the proportionality of arbitrary quantities.

scholarly journals CRIMINAL DELINQUENCY – CYBERSTALKING: CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECT AND OBJECTIVE SIDE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (83) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Uldis Ķinis
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Legitimate Interest ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Actus Reus ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Objective Side ◽  
First Time

On January 2018 significant amendments to the Criminal Law and the Law On the Procedure for Application of the Criminal Law came into force in Latvia. These changes not only in the first time introduce the criminal responsibility for the emotional violence, but also determine the procedure for assessing emotional disparity, equating the effects to telepathic injuries.In the article, the author reviews a modality of crime “persecution” - cyber-persecution. Although the legislator in the annotation of the law provides that the article also shall be applicable to acts committed in cyberspace, at the same time, the author indicates some problems that may arise due to the narrow interpretation of the law by the law enforcement. The purpose of the article is to study the object (protected legitimate interest) and the objective side (actus reus) of the offense - cyber-stalking. For purposes of research, several methods have been used. The method of comparative analysis, for examination and comparison of external and international regulations. Methods of legal interpretation used to disclose the differences between the understanding of the written text of the definition of the crime and what ought to be understood in the meaning of the norm. Finally, the author presents the conclusions and proposals on the application of the norm.

scholarly journals Major characteristics of mixed fir and beech virgin forests in the National park Biogradska Gora in Montenegro

2011 ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milic Curovic ◽  
Milan Medarevic ◽  
Rade Cvjeticanin ◽  
Mirko Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Beech Forests ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Production Characteristics

In order to manage forest ecosystems at a sufficiently high biodiversity level it is necessary to study the ecological, structural and production characteristics of virgin forests. The research was directed towards identifying the characteristics of mixed fir and beech forests (Abieti-Fagetum s. lat.) in the area of the strict reserve of the National Park Biogradska Gora in Montenegro. Basic characteristics of these forests were researched in the process of definition of forest types. In this manner, it is for the first time that a realistic base for typological management of forests and forest ecosystems with similar ecological and structural characteristics was provided for the specific sites.

scholarly journals Modern Classification of the Properties of Papillary Patterns of Human Hands and Feet for the Solution of Identification and Non-Identification Problems in Forensic Expert Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-459
Author(s):  
V. I. Balko
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Identification Problems ◽  
Basic Properties ◽  
Modern Classification ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
First Time ◽  
Papillary Pattern

The relevance and novelty of the topic of the article is connected with the fact that for the first time the improved classification of the properties of human papillary patterns and their displays and the dynamic trend of expanding the legal base of fingerprint registration in the world are considered. The goal is to systematize the properties of human papillary patterns and their representations. General scientific and special methods were used. The analysis of the literature and the author's practice allow us to identify and consider the following properties of papillary patterns and their mappings, which were divided into three groups for cognitive purposes: their own properties, the properties of mappings, and the properties of the fat-rich substance of the human papillary pattern and its trace. For the first time, the properties of the poly-fat substance of the human papillary pattern and its trace are presented, which is important in view of the trend in the development of complex fingerprint examination. For the first time, the first and second groups are conditionally divided into four subgroups: for solving identification, diagnostic, classification and situational problems. For the first time, the third group is further conditionally divided into four subgroups: according to the interaction of the human body fat with the carrier object; according to the isolation of the human body fat trace; according to the dynamics of the preservation and contrast of the display of the fat-free substance of the human papillary pattern. On the other hand, the properties of papillary patterns themselves are divided into basic properties and properties for solving identification and non-identification problems, respectively. The author's definition of the following concepts is presented: "basic properties of human papillary patterns" and "properties of human papillary patterns", "basic properties of human papillary patterns mappings" and "properties of human papillary patterns mappings", "basic properties of human papillary matter" and "properties of human papillary matter", "basic properties of human papillary matter" and" properties of human papillary matter". This provides an opportunity for specialists and teachers to improve their cognitive and practical activities, and for those responsible and competent for the organization of examinations to consider creating a center for comprehensive fingerprint examination.

scholarly journals Conceptual Change in the law of Medicolegal Certification of injuries

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delawar Khan ◽  
Khalid Aziz ◽  
Inayar Ur Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Change ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Body ◽  
New Classification ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Law ◽  
First Time

The Laws relating the offences against the human body has completely changed with the promulgation of the Criminal Law Ordinance, commonly called Qisas and Diyat Law but the doctors in their medicolegal certificates still express their opinions according to the previous law, which causes problem for the courts to assess the true nature of injury. This practice should immediately be stopped as it confuses the facts, dims the issue and hinders the dispensation of justice. Qisas and Diyat Law has introduced new classification of hurt (injury), which is more clear and elaborate. Besides, this law has provided compensation for physical sufferings due to criminal hurts for the first time in Pakistan. The provisions for the grant of compensation for criminal damages are Arsh, Daman and diyat. In addition there is a provision of qisas. These legal terms should be clearly understood before undertaking medico legal certification.

scholarly journals Classification of Partially Regular Microreliefs Formed on the End Surfaces of Rotary Bodies

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-135
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Dzyura ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Arrangement ◽  
Relative Area ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
New Class ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Dimensional Parameters ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Rotating Bodies

The aim of the article is to classify partially regular microreliefs that are formed on the end surfaces of rotating bodies. The article analyzes the known classifications of regular microreliefs in scientific publications and regulations. The parameters by which regular microreliefs are classified and their characteristics are analyzed. The lack of information on the classification of partially regular microreliefs formed on the end surfaces of rotating bodies as a new class of microreliefs has been established. The proposed classification reveals a set of options for the implementation of partially regular microreliefs formed on the end surfaces of bodies of rotation and their characteristics. For the first time the classification of partially regular microreliefs that are formed on the end surfaces of rotating bodies is offered, carried out on the basis of features of kinematics of technological process. It c can be a basis for creation of their mathematical models and definition of the relative area of vibro-rolling. Signs of classification are proposed to take: methods of forming a partially regular microrelief; the shape of the centerline of continuous regular micro-irregularities; mutual arrangement of adjacent grooves; mutual placement of axial lines of continuous regular micro-inequalities; groove shapes. Each of these features is divided into certain sub-features, which consist of the corresponding characteristics, which are expressed by the elements of the mode of vibration rolling, the dimensional parameters of the elements of the grooves, their mutual placement. For the first time, analytical dependences were obtained to determine the parameter of partially regular microreliefs classification formed on the end surfaces of rotating bodies by the nature of the change in the radii of the axial lines and their axial steps.

scholarly journals Procedure and conditions of life executing punishment

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Konopelskyi ◽  
Valentyna Merkulova ◽  
Oksana Hrytenko ◽  
Kateryna Pogrebna ◽  
Harehyn Muradyan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
System Implementation ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Disciplinary System

The article is devoted to the consideration of essence and tendencies of reforming the criminal-executive legislation of Ukraine concerning the procedure and execution and serving life imprisonment conditions. Certain debatable provisions, both theoretical and legal, concerning procedure and conditions of life service executing punishment are considered. It is proved that clarity, completeness and system-legal balance will be facilitated by the formal reproduction in the law of classification of all criminal-executive norms of Chapter 22 of the Criminal Executive Code (hereinafter–CEC) (based on a certain criterion) into norms of general and special significance, which in turn should be divided into the following subtypes. General penitentiary provisions, which determine the initial legal status of persons sentenced to life imprisonment, provide a list and features of the rights, legitimate interests, responsibilities of convicts, ways (mechanism) to comply with safe conditions of detention, etc. General penitentiary provisions, which define the basic principles for implementation of changes in detention conditions during execution and serving a sentence (essence, tasks, forms, general requirements for material grounds for application, procedural issues of progressive system implementation, definition of disciplinary system).

scholarly journals “Human Habitation or Economic Life of their Own”: The Definition of Features Between History, Technology and the Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sondra Faccio
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Coastal State ◽  
Human Habitation ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
The Law ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract Article 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes the regime of geographical features. It distinguishes the island from rocks, by defining the former as a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide; the latter as features ‘which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.’ The nature of the feature impacts on the sovereign rights recognized to the coastal States: if the feature is qualified as an island, it entitles the coastal State to 200 miles of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, with undisputed right of exclusive exploitation of natural resources located within the area. By contrast, if the feature is qualified as a rock, the coastal State is only entitled to the territorial sea. Article 121(3) of UNCLOS and the formula ‘rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own’ have been subject to substantive interpretation for the first time by an international tribunal in The South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China) Award. Starting from this Award, the present paper explores further the requisites of ‘human habitation or economic life’ and discusses what value shall be attributed to the technological development vis à vis historical excursus. The paper will review relevant States’ practice, scholarly works and tribunals’ decisions in the field and discuss how far (if any) could technological means go to support a feature’s capacity.

Actual and legal limitations of the right to public information against the background of native legislation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (XIX) ◽  
pp. 193-208
Author(s):  
Aleksander Kwaśniak
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
The Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

In this article the author presents the range of limitations of the right to public information, which are included in the law on access to public information. At the beginning the author formulates a definition of limitation. At the end of this article, the author try to make a classification of limitations on actual limitations and legal limitations, depending on the reason of limitation in a specific situation. The author also evokes views of doctrine too, where we find the split into limitations sensu stricto and sensu largo. The last think is the analysis of legal means, which are entitled to applicants for a given limitation.

scholarly journals Relasi Gramatikal Subjek Bahasa Pakpak Dairi: Kajian Tipologi

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 049-058
Author(s):  
Ida Basaria
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Language Typology ◽  
Austronesian Language ◽  
Original Sentence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Local Languages

Secara etimologis, kata tipologis berarti pengelompokan ranah (classification of domain). Pengertian tipologi bersinonim dengan istilah taksonomi. Istilah teknis tipologi yang masuk ke dalam linguistik mempunyai pengertian pengelompokan bahasa-bahasa berdasarkan ciri khas strukturnya. Kajian ini berusaha mencermati fitur-fitur dan ciri-ciri khas gramatikal bahasa-bahasa di dunia, dan membuat pengelompokan yang bersesuaian dengan parameter tertentu. Kajian tipologi bahasa umumnya dimaksudkan untuk mengklasifikasikan bahasa berdasarkan perilaku struktural yang ditampilkan oleh suatu bahasa. Tujuan kajian tipologi bahasa terutama diarahkan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: seperti apa bahasa x itu? Kajian tipologis terhadap BPD, sebagai salah satu bahasa daerah di Sumatera Utara (termasuk kelompok bahasa Austronesia Barat), cukup penting dan bernilai ilmiah untuk dilakukan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa sampai saat ini masih terdapat banyak pendapat tentang pengelompokan secara tipologis bahasa-bahasa daerah di Indonesia.Relasi gramatikal memegang peranan penting dalam sintaksis bahasa alamiah, karena berhubungan dengan sejumlah konsep dan istilah sintaksis (gramatikal) seperti S(ubjek), O dan OBLik. Dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif melalui uji gramatikal dan dengan pendekatan teori tipologi linguistik dapat disimpulkan bahwa relasi S pada klausa dasar BPD selalu berperan sebagai Agen; Subjek pada klausa berprefiks nasal pada posisi FN2 pos-Verbal yang merupakan argumen Agen; sementara itu FN1pos Verba adalah ditempati oleh argumen Pasien. Pada BPD, Subjek dan Objek pada klausa verba zero senantiasa dapat direlatifkan; sementara pada klausa verba berafiks nasal hanya relasi S yang dapat direlatifkan. Relasi O merupakan FN yang langsung mengikuti verba dan tak dapat disisipi oleh adverbia apapun. Relasi O dapat dinaikkan posisinya menjadi S pada pemasifan BPD; sementara itu S kalimat asal menjadi relasi OBL.   Etymologically, the typological word means classification of domain. The definition of typology is synonymous with taxonomic terms. The technical term typology that enters linguistics has the meaning of grouping languages based on their structural characteristics. This study tried to examine the features and characteristics of grammatical languages in the world, and make groupings that correspond to certain parameters. Language typology studies are generally intended to classify languages based on the structural behavior displayed by a language. The purpose of the study of language typology was primarily directed to answer the questions: what is the x language? Typological studies of BPD, as one of the local languages in North Sumatra (including the West Austronesian language group), are quite important and have scientific value to be done. This was due to the fact that until now there are still many opinions about the typological grouping of local languages in Indonesia. Grammatical relations play an important role in natural language syntax, because they are related to a number of concepts and terms of syntax (grammatical) such as S (ubject), O and OBLic. By using the descriptive method through grammatical testing and with the approach of linguistic typology theory, it could be concluded that the relation of S in the basic clause of the BPD always acted as an Agent; The subject in the nasal prefix clause was in the post-Verbal FN2 position which was the Agent argument; meanwhile FN1pos verbs were occupied by Patient arguments. At the BPD, Subject and Object in the zero verb clause could always be relativized; while in the nasal affixed clause, it was only the relation of S that could be relativized. O relation was an FN that directly followed verbs and couldn’t be inserted by any adverb. The position of O relation could be raised to S in the passive of BPD; while the original sentence S was the relation of OBL.

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