scholarly journals Sleep Inertia Countermeasures in Automated Driving: A Concept of Cognitive Stimulation

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Wörle ◽  
Ramona Kenntner-Mabiala ◽  
Barbara Metz ◽  
Samantha Fritzsch ◽  
Christian Purucker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Baseline Condition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Sleep Inertia ◽  
Alertness Level ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

When highly automated driving is realized, the role of the driver will change dramatically. Drivers will even be able to sleep during the drive. However, when awaking from sleep, drivers often experience sleep inertia, meaning they are feeling groggy and are impaired in their driving performance―which can be an issue with the concept of dual-mode vehicles that allow both manual and automated driving. Proactive methods to avoid sleep inertia like the widely applied ‘NASA nap’ are not immediately practicable in automated driving. Therefore, a reactive countermeasure, the sleep inertia counter-procedure for drivers (SICD), has been developed with the aim to activate and motivate the driver as well as to measure the driver’s alertness level. The SICD is evaluated in a study with N = 21 drivers in a level highly automation driving simulator. The SICD was able to activate the driver after sleep and was perceived as “assisting” by the drivers. It was not capable of measuring the driver’s alertness level. The interpretation of the findings is limited due to a lack of a comparative baseline condition. Future research is needed on direct comparisons of different countermeasures to sleep inertia that are effective and accepted by drivers.

scholarly journals Information Needs and Visual Attention during Urban, Highly Automated Driving—An Investigation of Potential Influencing Factors

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Feierle ◽  
Simon Danner ◽  
Sarah Steininger ◽  
Klaus Bengler
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Navigation Data ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

During highly automated driving, the passenger is allowed to conduct non-driving related activities (NDRA) and no longer has to act as a fallback at the functional limits of the driving automation system. Previous research has shown that at lower levels of automation, passengers still wish to be informed about automated vehicle behavior to a certain extent. Due to the aim of the introduction of urban automated driving, which is characterized by high complexity, we investigated the information needs and visual attention of the passenger during urban, highly automated driving. Additionally, there was an investigation into the influence of the experience of automated driving and of NDRAs on these results. Forty participants took part in a driving simulator study. As well as the information presented on the human–machine interface (system status, navigation information, speed and speed limit), participants requested information about maneuvers, reasons for maneuvers, environmental settings and additional navigation data. Visual attention was significantly affected by the NDRA, while the experience of automated driving had no effect. Experience and NDRA showed no significant effect on the need for information. Differences in information needs seem to be due to the requirements of the individual passenger, rather than the investigated factors.

Comfort Assessment for Highly Automated Driving Functions at the Stuttgart Driving Simulator

2021 ◽  
pp. 368-379
Author(s):  
Christoph Heimsath ◽  
Werner Krantz ◽  
Jens Neubeck ◽  
Christian Holzapfel ◽  
Andreas Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

Trust in Automation as a Matter of Media Influence and Experi-ence of Automated Vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 2024-2028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Feldhütter ◽  
Christian Gold ◽  
Adrian Hüger ◽  
Klaus Bengler
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

Highly automated vehicles (HAV), which could help to enhance road safety and efficiency, are very likely to enter the market within the next decades. To have an impact, these systems need to be purchased, which is a matter of trust and acceptance. These factors are dependent on the level of information that one has about such systems. One important source of information is various media, such as newspapers, magazines and videos, in which highly automated driving (HAD) is currently a frequent topic of discussion. To evaluate the influence of media on the perception of HAD, 31 participants were presented with three different types of media addressing HAD in a neutral manner. Afterwards, the participants experienced HAD in the driving simulator. In between these steps, the participants completed questionnaires assessing comfort, trust in automation, increase in safety, intention to use and other factors in order to analyze the effect of the media and the driving simulation experience. Results indicate that the perception of some aspects of HAD were affected by the media presented, while experiencing HAD in the driving simulator generally did not have an effect on the attitude of the participants. Other aspects, such as trust, were not affected by either media or experience. In addition, gender-related differences in the perception of HAD were found.

scholarly journals Tell Them How They Did: Feedback on Operator Performance Helps Calibrate Perceived Ease of Use in Automated Driving

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Forster ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Josef Krems ◽  
Andreas Keinath
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Use Case ◽  
Perceived Ease Of Use ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Over Time

The development of automated driving will profit from an agreed-upon methodology to evaluate human–machine interfaces. The present study examines the role of feedback on interaction performance provided directly to participants when interacting with driving automation (i.e., perceived ease of use). In addition, the development of ratings itself over time and use case specificity were examined. In a driving simulator study, N = 55 participants completed several transitions between Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) level 0, level 2, and level 3 automated driving. One half of the participants received feedback on their interaction performance immediately after each use case, while the other half did not. As expected, the results revealed that participants judged the interactions to become easier over time. However, a use case specificity was present, as transitions to L0 did not show effects over time. The role of feedback also depended on the respective use case. We observed more conservative evaluations when feedback was provided than when it was not. The present study supports the application of perceived ease of use as a diagnostic measure in interaction with automated driving. Evaluations of interfaces can benefit from supporting feedback to obtain more conservative results.

scholarly journals Testing the individual and social learning abilities of task-naïve captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes sp.) in a nut-cracking task

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Neadle ◽  
Elisa Bandini ◽  
Claudio Tennie
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Baseline Condition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Nut Cracking ◽  
The Individual

Nut-cracking is often cited as one of the most complex behaviours observed in wild chimpanzees. However, the cognitive mechanisms behind its acquisition are still debated. The current null hypothesis is that the form of nut-cracking behaviour relies on variants of social learning, with some researchers arguing, more precisely, that copying variants of social learning mechanisms are necessary. However, to date, very few experiments have directly investigated the potentially sufficient role of individual learning in explaining the behavioural form of nut-cracking. Despite this, the available data provides some evidence for the spontaneous acquisition of nut-cracking by chimpanzees; later group acquisition was then found to be at least facilitated by (unspecified) variants of social learning. The latter findings are in line with both suggested hypotheses, i.e., that copying social learning is required and that other (non-copying) social learning mechanisms are at play. Here we present the first study which focused (initially) on the role of individual learning for the acquisition of the nut-cracking behavioural form in chimpanzees. We tested task-naïve chimpanzees (N = 13) with an extended baseline condition to examine whether the behaviour would emerge spontaneously. After the baseline condition (which was unsuccessful), we tested for the role of social learning by providing social information in a step-wise fashion, culminating in a full action demonstration of nut-cracking by a human demonstrator (this last condition made it possible for the observers to copy all actions underlying the behaviour). Despite the opportunities to individually and/or socially learn nut-cracking, none of the chimpanzees tested here cracked nuts using tools in any of the conditions in our study; thus, providing no conclusive evidence for either competing hypothesis. We conclude that this failure was the product of an interplay of factors, including behavioural conservatism and the existence of a potential sensitive learning period for nut-cracking in chimpanzees. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is a behaviour that chimpanzees can individually learn. However, this behaviour might only be acquired when chimpanzees are still inside their sensitive learning period, and when ecological and developmental conditions allow for it. The possibility remains that nut-cracking is an example of a culture dependent trait in non-human great apes. Recommendations for future research projects to address this question are considered.

scholarly journals Transitions Between Highly Automated and Longitudinally Assisted Driving: The Role of the Initiator in the Fight for Authority

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082094618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Maggi ◽  
Richard Romano ◽  
Oliver Carsten
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Cruise Control ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Road ◽  
Operational Design ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Driving Task

Objective A driving simulator study explored how drivers behaved depending on their initial role during transitions between highly automated driving (HAD) and longitudinally assisted driving (via adaptive cruise control). Background During HAD, drivers might issue a take-over request (TOR), initiating a transition of control that was not planned. Understanding how drivers behave in this situation and, ultimately, the implications on road safety is of paramount importance. Method Sixteen participants were recruited for this study and performed transitions of control between HAD and longitudinally assisted driving in a driving simulator. While comparing how drivers behaved depending on whether or not they were the initiators, different handover strategies were presented to analyze how drivers adapted to variations in the authority level they were granted at various stages of the transitions. Results Whenever they initiated the transition, drivers were more engaged with the driving task and less prone to follow the guidance of the proposed strategies. Moreover, initiating a transition and having the highest authority share during the handover made the drivers more engaged with the driving task and attentive toward the road. Conclusion Handover strategies that retained a larger authority share were more effective whenever the automation initiated the transition. Under driver-initiated transitions, reducing drivers’ authority was detrimental for both performance and comfort. Application As the operational design domain of automated vehicles (Society of Automotive Engineers [SAE] Level 3/4) expands, the drivers might very well fight boredom by taking over spontaneously, introducing safety issues so far not considered but nevertheless very important.

scholarly journals Does Adaptive Mode Transition Contribute to Better Driver Intervention in Highly Automated Driving?

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-291
Author(s):  
Huiping Zhou ◽  
Makoto Itoh ◽  
Satoshi Kitazaki
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mode Transition ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Automated Control ◽  
Human Driver ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Level Transition ◽  
Verbal Messages ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

This paper presents an adaptive mode (level) transition in highly combined driving automation in which the mode of a system could adaptively shift to any level including SAE level 3 (conditional automation, CA) to level 2 (partial automation) based on the driving environment. We show the effects of the adaptive transition on the take over of car control by a human driver and driving behavior after intervention when the system issues a response to intervene. A driving simulator experiment is conducted to collect data during the transition from automated control to manual driving in three scenes: obstacle on a driving lane, blurred lane mark, and stopped car ahead. Results indicate that the interventions of drivers who experience the adaptive transition are delayed in comparison to those who experience only the fixed transition. The adaptive transition is conducive for drivers to stop the car for preventing a potential collision with a stopped car ahead. Owing to the adaptive transition, drivers perceive a critical hazard after taking over car control and provide a rapid response. In addition, during the adaptive transition, drivers prefer verbal messages to the simple “beeping” message.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Chronic Stress, and Hippocampal Subfield Development in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 263310552093109
Author(s):  
Emily C Merz ◽  
Xiaofu He ◽  
Brent Myers ◽  
Kimberly G Noble
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3 ◽  
Future Research Directions

Recent findings indicate that hair cortisol concentrations significantly mediate associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and reduced hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus volumes in children. In this commentary, we discuss these results and highlight important future research directions, including focusing on hippocampal subfield structural development in relation to episodic memory and mental health; the mechanistic role of excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate; and how chronic stress and cognitive stimulation may make unique proximal contributions to socioeconomic differences in hippocampal subfield volume. Building on the findings in these ways will contribute to advances in strategies aimed at reducing socioeconomic disparities in academic achievement and mental health.

scholarly journals The Impact of Situational Complexity and Familiarity on Takeover Quality in Uncritical Highly Automated Driving Scenarios

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Susanne Lisa Scharfe ◽  
Kathrin Zeeb ◽  
Nele Russwinkel
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Intelligent Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Cognitive Assistance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Perceived Complexity ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Highly Automated Driving

In the development of highly automated driving systems (L3 and 4), much research has been done on the subject of driver takeover. Strong focus has been placed on the takeover quality. Previous research has shown that one of the main influencing factors is the complexity of a traffic situation that has not been sufficiently addressed so far, as different approaches towards complexity exist. This paper differentiates between the objective complexity and the subjectively perceived complexity. In addition, the familiarity with a takeover situation is examined. Gold et al. show that repetition of takeover scenarios strongly influences the take-over performance. Yet, both complexity and familiarity have not been considered at the same time. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the impact of objective complexity and familiarity on the subjectively perceived complexity and the resulting takeover quality. In a driving simulator study, participants are requested to take over vehicle control in an uncritical situation. Familiarity and objective complexity are varied by the number of surrounding vehicles and scenario repetitions. Subjective complexity is measured using the NASA-TLX; the takeover quality is gathered using the take-over controllability rating (TOC-Rating). The statistical evaluation results show that the parameters significantly influence the takeover quality. This is an important finding for the design of cognitive assistance systems for future highly automated and intelligent vehicles.

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