Synergistic Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils Combined with Pyrethroid Insecticides against Blow Flies and the House Fly

Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) are filth flies of medical importance, and control of their population is needed. As insecticide applications have resulted in fly resistance, and the exploration of plant essential oils (EOs) has increased against filth flies, this study assessed the combination of EOs with pyrethoids to enhance toxic efficacy. The EOs of five effective plants were screened initially against the house fly (Musca domestica L.). Their chemical constituent was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The main components of Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) rhizome, Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizome, Citrus hystrix (Rutaceae) fruit peel, Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) seed, and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) fruit were δ-3-caren (35.25%), β-turmerone (51.68%), β-pinene (26.56%), p-cumic aldehyde (58.21%), and dipentene (60.22%), respectively. The screening test revealed that the three most effective plant EOs were from B. rotunda, C. longa and O. gratissimum, which were selected for the combination with two pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin and deltamethrin), in order to enhance their synergistic efficacy against the blow flies, Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, and Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann, and the house fly. Synergistic action was presented in almost all of the flies tested with permenthrin/deltamethrin/EOs mixtures. It was interesting that the combination of deltamethrin with three EOs showed a synergistic effect on all of the tested flies. However, an antagonistic effect was observed in C. megacephala and M. domestica treated with permethrin-B. rotunda and C. megacephala treated with permethrin-O. gratissimum. The LD50 of insecticides decreased when combined with plant EOs. This alternative strategy will be helpful in developing a formula for effective fly control management.

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In Vitro Antagonistic Effect of Gut Bacteriota Isolated from Indigenous Honey Bees and Essential Oils against Paenibacillus Larvae

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21186736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (18) ◽

pp. 6736 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miroslava Kačániová ◽

Margarita Terentjeva ◽

Jana Žiarovská ◽

Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Paenibacillus Larvae ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Microbial Groups ◽

Selection Of

The aim of study was to isolate and identify the gut bacteria of Apis mellifera and to evaluate antagonistic effect of the bacteriota against Paenibacillus larvae, which causes American foulbrood (AFB) in honeybees. The dilution plating method was used for the quantification of selected microbial groups from digestive tract of bees, with an emphasis on the bacteriota of the bees’ intestines. Bacteria were identified using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS Biotyper). Overall, five classes, 27 genera and 66 species of bacteria were identified. Genera Lactobacillus (10 species) and Bacillus (8 species) were the most abundant. Gram-negative bacteria were represented with 16 genera, whereas Gram-positive with 10 genera. Delftia acidovorans and Escherichia coli were the most abundant in the digestive tract of honey bee. Resistance to a selection of antimicrobials was assessed for the bacterial isolates from bee gut and confirmed against all antimicrobials included in the study, with the exception of cefepime. Lactobacillus spp., especially L. kunkeei, L. crispatus and L. acidophilus. showed the strongest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae, the causal pathogen of AFB. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against isolated bacteria and two isolates of P. larvae were assessed. Application of a broad selection of plant essential oils indicated that Thymus vulgaris had the highest antimicrobial activity against P. larvae.

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Plant essential oils synergize various pyrethroid insecticides and antagonize malathion in Aedes aegypti

Medical and Veterinary Entomology ◽

10.1111/mve.12380 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 453-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E. J. Norris ◽

A. D. Gross ◽

L. C. Bartholomay ◽

J. R. Coats

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Pyrethroid Insecticides ◽

Plant Essential Oils

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Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium sativum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) oils against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854105775142946 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 767-774 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Il-Kwon Park ◽

Kyung-Hee Kim ◽

Kwang-Sik Choi ◽

Chul-Su Kim ◽

In-Ho Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽

Nematicidal Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pine Wood Nematode ◽

Mentha Spicata ◽

Cinnamon Oil ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Pimenta Racemosa

AbstractPlant essential oils from 43 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Responses varied with plant material and concentration. Good nematicidal activity against male, female and juvenile nematodes of B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of Cinnamomum verum, Leptospermum petersonii, Asiasarum sieboldi, Boswellia carterii, Pimenta racemosa, Cymbopogon citratus, Mentha spicata, clove and garlic. Garlic and cinnamon oils showed the most potent nematicidal activity among the plant essential oils. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of three major compounds from garlic and two from cinnamon oil. These five compounds from two essential oils were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Responses varied with compounds and dose. LC50 values of diallyl trisulphide, diallyl disulphide and cinnamyl acetate against juvenile nematode were 2.79, 37.06 and 32.81 μl−1, respectively. The essential oils described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.

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Application of plant essential oils in controlling wood mold and stain fungi

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.16.1.1325-1334 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1325-1334

Author(s):

La Hu ◽

Lizhe Qin ◽

Junkang Xie ◽

Huilan Xu ◽

Zhangqi Yang

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Pinus Massoniana ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Syzygium Aromaticum ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Plant Essential Oils

The antifungal activities of 19 plant essential oils against six wood mold and stain fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium citrinum, Trichoderma viride, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium moniliforme, and Alternaria alternata) were investigated with the in vitro medium method. The chemical compositions and volatilization rates of the essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and oven heating, respectively. Antifungal effects of the essential oils on fresh Pinus massoniana wood were evaluated by dipping treatment. The average antifungal efficacies of the essential oils varied from 0.1 to 1.0, and oils of Cinnamomum cassia, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymus mongolicus showed the greatest antifungal activities and completely inhibited the growth of all six fungi. The essential oils presented great differences in their main chemical components, and a significant negative linear correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient = -0.627, p < 0.01) was found between antifungal efficacy and volatilization rate, indicating that both chemical composition and volatilization rate are important factors influencing the antifungal activities of essential oils. Eight essential oils effectively inhibited the growth of fungi in Pinus massoniana wood with an absorption of 65.51 g/m2 ± 13.78 g/m2, and they have the potential to be environmentally friendly anti-mildew agents.

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Screening for Enhancement of Permethrin Toxicity by Plant Essential Oils Against Adult Females of the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjaa014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (4) ◽

pp. 1149-1156

Author(s):

Jun-Hyung Tak ◽

Quentin Robert Renaud Coquerel ◽

Maia Tsikolia ◽

Ulrich R Bernier ◽

Kenneth Linthicum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Insecticidal Activity ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

Cucumber Seed

Abstract Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is one of the most medically important mosquito species, due to its ability to spread viruses of yellow fever, dengue fever, and Zika in humans. In this study, the insecticidal activity of 17 plant essential oils was evaluated via topical application against two strains of Ae. aegypti mosquito, Orlando (insecticide-susceptible) and Puerto Rico (pyrethroid-resistant). Initial screens with the Orlando strain showed that cucumber seed oil (2017 sample) was the most toxic, followed by sandalwood and thyme oil. When the essential oils were mixed with permethrin, they failed to show any significant synergism of insecticidal activity. Sandalwood and thyme oils displayed consistently high mortality against the resistant Puerto Rico strain, with low resistance ratios of 2.1 and 1.4, respectively. In contrast, cucumber seed oil showed significantly less activity against Puerto Rico mosquitoes, with a resistance ratio of 45. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the 2017 sample of cucumber seed oil sample via flash column chromatography produced 11 fractions, and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the three active fractions were contaminated with 0.33, 0.36, and 0.33% of chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphorus insecticide, whereas inactive fractions did not show any trace of it. These results suggested that the insecticidal activity of cucumber seed oil was probably due to the presence of the insecticide, later confirmed with a clean batch of cucumber seed oil obtained in 2018, which showed negligible insecticidal activity. These findings demonstrate clearly the need for essential oil analysis to confirm purity before any claims are made about pesticidal potency.

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Control of Filth Flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), and Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Using Novel Plant-Derived Methyl Ketones

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz107 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (6) ◽

pp. 1704-1714 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jean M Deguenon ◽

Jiwei Zhu ◽

Steven Denning ◽

Michael H Reiskind ◽

David W Watson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Musca Domestica ◽

Petri Dish ◽

House Fly ◽

Current Control ◽

Methyl Ketones ◽

Blow Flies ◽

House Flies ◽

Sarcophaga Bullata ◽

Cochliomyia Macellaria ◽

Filth Flies

AbstractFilth flies live in close proximity to humans and livestock and transmit pathogens. Current control relies on chemical insecticides, and flies can develop resistance to these insecticides. The public is also interested in natural and safer insecticides. Therefore, alternative pesticides compatible with the synanthropic nature of flies are needed. Four plant aliphatic methyl ketones were evaluated for control of adult house flies, Musca domestica L., blow flies, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), and gray flesh flies, Sarcophaga bullata (Parker). In sealed petri dish assays, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, 2-nonanone, and 2-undecanone exhibited fumigant activity against house flies with 24-h LC50s of 6.9, 7.5, 8.0, and 9.2 µg/cm3, respectively. Further research focused on undecanone (a U.S. EPA-registered biopesticide). When tested in larger enclosures at 1.7, 2.3, and 2.8 µg/cm3, undecanone provided 60.4, 82.2, and 94.4% house fly mortality; 56.9, 75.6, and 92.5% flesh fly mortality; and 62.1, 84.5, and 97.9% blow fly mortality, respectively, after a 2-h exposure. In a two-choice behavioral assay with 194.6 µg/cm2 of the test compound on the treatment versus an untreated surface of the same area, the overall mean repellencies for blow flies were 84.7% for undecanone versus 87.6% for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET). For house flies, mean repellencies were 80.7% for undecanone and 84.9% for DEET. The house fly topical LD50 for undecanone was 58.1 µg per fly. Undecanone was far less expensive for filth fly control than the gold standard for insect fumigation, methyl bromide.

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Antibacterial and Biofilm Inhibitory Activity of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils Against Escherichia coli Isolated from UTI Patients

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24061161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1161 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rihab Lagha ◽

Fethi Ben Abdallah ◽

Badriah AL-Sarhan ◽

Yassin Al-Sodany

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plant ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Antibiofilm Activity ◽

Plant Essential Oils ◽

E Coli ◽

Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs), caused by Escherichia coli 80% to 85% of the time, are one of the most important causes of morbidity and health care spending affecting persons of all ages. These infections lead to many difficult problems, especially increasing resistance to antibiotic drugs. Bacterial biofilms play an important role in UTIs, responsible for persistent infections leading to recurrences and relapses. In this study, we have investigated the antibacterial activity of five medicinal plant essential oils against UTIs caused by E. coli using disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) methods. In addition, biofilm inhibitory action of oils was realized by crystal violet. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed a variability between oils in terms of compound numbers as well as their percentages. Antibacterial activity was observed only in cases of Origanum majorana, Thymus zygis and Rosmarinus officinalis, while Juniperus communis and Zingiber officinale did not showed any effect towards E. coli isolates. T. zygis essential oil demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli isolates, followed by O. majorana and R. officinalis. Further, oils showed high biofilm inhibitory action with a percentage of inhibition that ranged from 14.94% to 94.75%. R. officinalis oil had the highest antibiofilm activity followed by T. zygis and O. majorana. Accordingly, tested oils showed very effective antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against E. coli UTIs and can be considered as good alternative for antibiotics substitution.

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Variations in the Volatile Compositions of Curcuma Species

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods8020053 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 53 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Noura Dosoky ◽

Prabodh Satyal ◽

William Setzer

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Pharmacological Properties ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Volatile Terpenoids

Curcuma species have been cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions in Asia, Australia, and South America for culinary as well as medicinal applications. The biological activities of Curcuma have been attributed to the non-volatile curcuminoids as well as to volatile terpenoids. Curcuma essential oils have demonstrated a wide variety of pharmacological properties. The objective of this work was to examine the variation in the compositions of Curcuma rhizome essential oils. In this work, the volatile oils from C. longa and C. zedoaria were obtained and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chemical compositions of C. longa and C. zedoaria essential oils, including those reported in the literature, were analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis. In addition, cluster analyses of the chemical compositions of C. aromatica and C. aeruginosa from the literature were also carried out. Curcuma longa volatiles were dominated by α-turmerone, curlone, ar-turmerone, β-sesquiphellandrene, α-zingiberene, germacrone, terpinolene, ar-curcumene, and α-phellandrene and showed four distinct chemical clusters. C. zedoaria rhizome oil contained 1,8-cineole, curzerenone/epi-curzerenone, α-copaene, camphor, β-caryophyllene, elemol, germacrone, curzerene, and β-elemene and showed two different chemical types. C. aromatica had three clearly defined clusters, and C. aeruginosa had three types.

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Efficacy of Plant Essential Oils on Postharvest Control of Rots Caused by Fungi on Different Stone Fruits In Vivo

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-342 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 631-639 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

JORGE GIOVANNY LOPEZ-REYES ◽

DAVIDE SPADARO ◽

AMBRA PRELLE ◽

ANGELO GARIBALDI ◽

MARIA LODOVICA GULLINO

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Mentha Piperita ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Plant Essential Oils

The antifungal activity of plant essential oils was evaluated as postharvest treatment on stone fruit against brown rot and grey mold rot of stone fruit caused by Monilinia laxa and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. The essential oils from basil (Ocimum basilicum), fennel (Foeniculum sativum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), marjoram (Origanum majorana), oregano (Origanum vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage (Salvia officinalis), savory (Satureja montana), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and wild mint (Mentha arvensis) were tested at two different concentrations on apricots (cv. Kyoto and cv. Tonda di Costigliole), nectarines (cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross) and plums (cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun). The volatile composition of the essential oils tested was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The treatments containing essential oils from oregano, savory, and thyme at 1% (vol/vol) controlled both B. cinerea and M. laxa growing on apricots cv. Tonda di Costigliole and plums cv. Italia and cv. TC Sun; however, the same treatments were phytotoxic for the carposphere of nectarines cv. Big Top and cv. Nectaross. Treatments with 10% (vol/vol) essential oils were highly phytotoxic, notwithstanding their efficacy against the pathogens tested. The essential oils containing as major components α-pinene, p-cymene, carvacrol, and thymol showed similar results on stone fruit, so their antimicrobial activity and the phytotoxicity produced could be based on the concentration of their principal compounds and their synergistic activity. The efficacy of the essential oil treatments on control of fungal pathogens in postharvest depended on the fruit cultivar, the composition and concentration of the essential oil applied, and the length of storage.

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