scholarly journals Emerging Therapies for Advanced Cholangiocarcinoma: An Updated Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 4901
Author(s):  
Anthony Vignone ◽  
Francesca Biancaniello ◽  
Marco Casadio ◽  
Ludovica Pesci ◽  
Vincenzo Cardinale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmet Need ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Driver Mutations ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Emerging Therapies ◽  
Tumor Stages ◽  
Rational Combination ◽  
New Treatment

Cholangiocarcinoma is a group of malignancies with poor prognosis. Treatments for the management of advanced-stage cholangiocarcinoma are limited, and the 5-year survival rate is estimated to be approximately 5–15%, considering all tumor stages. There is a significant unmet need for effective new treatment approaches. The present review is provided with the aim of summarizing the current evidence and future perspectives concerning new therapeutic strategies for cholangiocarcinoma. The role of targeted therapies and immunotherapies is currently investigational in cholangiocarcinoma. These therapeutic options might improve survival outcomes, as shown by the promising results of several clinical trials illustrated in the present review. The co-presence of driver mutations and markers of susceptibility to immunotherapy may lead to rational combination strategies and clinical trial development. A better understanding of immunologically based therapeutic weapons is needed, which will lead to a form of a precision medicine strategy capable of alleviating the clinical aggressiveness and to improve the prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma.

scholarly journals Immune Check-Point Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mosteiro M ◽  
◽  
Cejuela M ◽  
Pernas S ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Advanced Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Check Point ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Check Point Inhibitors

Check-point inhibitors have erupted as a treatment option for numerous kinds of neoplasms. Although there have been some achievements, the evidence supporting their use in breast cancer is scarce. Combinations with chemotherapy seem to provide better outcomes, and triple negative is the subtype most likely to benefit from them. New combination strategies are undergoing research to improve these results. Other approaches to determining biomarkers that identify which populations clearly benefit from these therapies are needed. Here, we review the clinical data of the role of immune check-point inhibitors in early and advanced breast cancer and present emerging strategies.

scholarly journals Chemoprevention of cancer: current evidence and future prospects

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassiliki Benetou ◽  
Areti Lagiou ◽  
Pagona Lagiou
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Chemoprevention ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
The Future ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Genetic Profiles

Cancer chemoprevention refers to the use of agents for the inhibition, delay, or reversal of carcinogenesis before invasion. In the present review, agents examined in the context of cancer chemoprevention are classified in four major categories—hormonal, medications, diet-related agents, and vaccines—and the main representatives of each category are presented. Although there are serious constraints in the documentation of effectiveness of chemopreventive agents, mainly stemming from the long latency of the condition they are addressing and the frequent lack of intermediate biomarkers, there is little disagreement about the role of aspirin, whereas a diet rich in vegetables and fruits appears to convey more protection than individual micronutrients. Among categories of cancer chemopreventive agents, hormonal ones and vaccines might hold more promise for the future. Also, the identification of individuals who would benefit most from chemopreventive interventions on the basis of their genetic profiles could open new prospects for cancer chemoprevention.

scholarly journals Role of neuraxial drug delivery in cancer pain therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. FDD49
Author(s):  
Edgar Ross ◽  
Roshni Ramachandran ◽  
Jason D Ross ◽  
Ashish Bhandari ◽  
Patrick W Mantyh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Oncologic Surgery ◽  
Cancer Pain Therapy ◽  
Continued Use ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
New Treatment

Opioids have long been the mainstay of cancer pain treatment and have been used without any consideration for their effect on cancer growth and long-term prognosis. There is now growing evidence that the continued use of opioids for this indication should be reviewed and even reconsidered. Although current evidence and literature covering this subject is mixed and does not yet allow for a clear determination to be made about safety, there is enough data to support the search for new treatment paradigms, beginning with anesthesia for oncologic surgery and management of cancer pain over the disease course.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of PARP Inhibitors in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
Abdullah Alhusaini ◽  
Aoife Cannon ◽  
Stephen G. Maher ◽  
John V. Reynolds ◽  
Niamh Lynam-Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Combination Strategies ◽  
Gi Cancer ◽  
Brca1 Brca2 ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies are a major global health burden, with high mortality rates. The identification of novel therapeutic strategies is crucial to improve treatment and survival of patients. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) enzymes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) play major roles in the development, progression and treatment response of cancer, with PARP inhibitors (PARPi) currently used in the clinic for breast, ovarian, fallopian, primary peritoneal, pancreatic and prostate cancers with deficiencies in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. This article examines the current evidence for the role of the DDR PARP enzymes (PARP1, 2, 3 and 4) in the development, progression and treatment response of GI cancers. Furthermore, we discuss the role of HR status as a predictive biomarker of PARPi efficacy in GI cancer patients and examine the pre-clinical and clinical evidence for PARPi and cytotoxic therapy combination strategies in GI cancer. We also include an analysis of the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of the DDR PARP genes and key HR genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, RAD51, MRE11, PALB2) in GI patient tumours (n = 1744) using publicly available datasets to identify patients that may benefit from PARPi therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals The role of epigenetics and immunological imbalance in the etiopathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1759720X1988650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Frischknecht ◽  
Matteo Vecellio ◽  
Carlo Selmi
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Susceptibility Loci ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Psoriatic Disease ◽  
Environmental Trigger

Psoriasis (Ps) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) represent a clinical and immunopathogenic continuum, called psoriatic disease, cumulatively affecting approximately 3% of the general population. Psoriatic disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the skin and musculoskeletal system. The immuno-pathogenesis is characterized by an activation of the TNF/IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis, leading to an immunologic imbalance of T-cells resident in all affected tissues, mainly entheses. In the majority of cases, skin Ps predates rheumatological manifestations. Secondary to the higher incidence and the availability of mouse models, there is stronger data available on skin Ps, and data are, in most cases, relevant also to PsA. In a widely accepted model, environmental trigger factors like infections or trauma are capable of initiating an inflammatory cascade, ultimately creating a sustained state of chronic inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals. Besides well-known genetic susceptibility loci, epigenetic DNA modifications, which are associated with Ps development have been characterized recently and will be discussed in this article. The current evidence is promising in the possibility to provide new therapeutic avenues and fill the unmet need of patients, for whom current treatments either do not allow the disease to be controlled or must be continued for life.

scholarly journals New Perspectives on the Use of Cannabis in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders

Medicines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Scherma ◽  
Paolo Masia ◽  
Matteo Deidda ◽  
Walter Fratta ◽  
Gianluigi Tanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Target ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions

Following the discovery of the endocannabinoid system and its potential as a therapeutic target for various pathological conditions, growing interest led researchers to investigate the role of cannabis and its derivatives for medical purposes. The compounds Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol are the most abundant phytocannabinoids found in cannabis extracts, as well as the most studied. The present review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence for their beneficial effects in treating psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, anxiety, and depression. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to clarify many pending issues, especially those relative to the assessment of benefits and risks when using cannabis for therapeutic purposes, thereby also helping national and federal jurisdictions to remain updated.

scholarly journals Interoception and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Bragdon ◽  
Goi Khia Eng ◽  
Amanda Belanger ◽  
Katherine A. Collins ◽  
Emily R. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Symptom Dimensions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
New Treatment

Disrupted interoceptive processes are present in a range of psychiatric conditions, and there is a small but growing body of research on the role of interoception in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). In this review, we outline dimensions of interoception and review current literature on the processing of internal bodily sensations within OCD. Investigations in OCD utilizing objective measures of interoception are limited and results mixed, however, the subjective experience of internal bodily sensations appears to be atypical and relate to specific patterns of symptom dimensions. Further, neuroimaging investigations suggest that interoception is related to core features of OCD, particularly sensory phenomena and disgust. Interoception is discussed in the context of treatment by presenting an overview of existing interventions and suggesting how modifications aimed at better targeting interoceptive processes could serve to optimize outcomes. Interoception represents a promising direction for multi-method research in OCD, which we expect, will prove useful for improving current interventions and identifying new treatment targets.

scholarly journals The role of microbiome in age-related macular degeneration: A review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios Zisimopoulos ◽  
Olga Klavdianou ◽  
Panagiotis Theodossiadis ◽  
Irini Chatziralli
Keyword(s):  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Severe Visual Loss ◽  
Age Related ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Functional Profiles

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, multifactorial, degenerative disease and the leading cause of severe visual loss in the elderly population. The exact pathogenesis of AMD remains elusive, being the combination of genetic, environmental, metabolic and functional processes. Better understanding of the disease’s pathophysiology leads to new treatment targets. Human microbiome seems to be a potential therapeutic pathway for AMD, as it has been recently proven to play a role in its pathogenesis. Summary: This review shed light into the association between microbiome and AMD. Key messages: The current evidence based on the existing literature shows that there are differences in taxonomical and functional profiles in human microbiome between patients with AMD and controls, suggesting that microbiome is implicated in AMD onset and progression, being a link between AMD and nutrition/diet. Additionally, specific bacterial classes have been proposed as potential biomarkers for AMD diagnosis. Further randomized clinical studies with large sample are needed to elucidate the role of microbiome in AMD and to draw more solid conclusions.

Osteoporosis Entwined with Cardiovascular Disease: The Implication of Osteoprotegerin and Example of Statins

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria V. Deligiorgi ◽  
Mihalis I. Panayiotidis ◽  
Gerasimos Siasos ◽  
Dimitrios T. Trafalis
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Vascular Cells ◽  
Molecular Fingerprint ◽  
Missing Link ◽  
Epidemiological Factors ◽  
Outstanding Issue

: Beyond being epiphenomenon of shared epidemiological factors, the integration of osteoporosis (OP) with cardiovascular disease (CVD)− termed "calcification paradox"− reflects a continuum of aberrant cardiometabolic status. The present review provides background knowledge on "calcification paradox", focusing on the endocrine aspect of vasculature orchestrated by the osteoblastic molecular fingerprint of vascular cells, acquired via imbalance among established modulators of mineralization. Osteoprotegerin (OPG)–the well-established osteoprotective cytokine−has recently been shown to exert a vessel-modifying role. Prompted by this notion, the present review interrogates OPG as the potential missing link between OP and CVD. However, so far, the confirmation of this hypothesis is hindered by the equivocal role of OPG in CVD, being both proatherosclerotic and antiatherosclerotic. Further research is needed to illuminate whether OPG could be biomarker of the "calcification paradox". Moreover, the present review brings into prominence the dual role of statins−cardioprotective and osteoprotective− as potential illustration of the integration of CVD with OP. Considering that the statins-induced modulation of OPG is central to the statins-driven osteoprotective signalling, statins could be suggested as illustration of the role of OPG in the bone/vessels crosstalk, if further studies consolidate the contribution of OPG to the cardioprotective role of statins. Another outstanding issue that merits further evaluation is the inconsistency of the osteoprotective role of statins. Further understanding of the varying bone-modifying role of statins, likely attributed to the unique profile of different classes of statins defined by distinct physicochemical characteristics, may yield tangible benefits for treating simultaneously OP and CVD.

Using serum biomarkers for identifying unstable carotid plaque: update of current evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areti Sofogianni ◽  
Konstantinos Tziomalos ◽  
Triantafyllia Koletsa ◽  
Apostolos G. Pitoulias ◽  
Lemonia Skoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Great Proportion ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Carotid Plaque ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Carotid Atherosclerosis ◽  
Serum Biomarkers ◽  
Current Evidence

: Carotid atherosclerosis is responsible for a great proportion of ischemic strokes. Early identification of unstable or vulnerable carotid plaques and therefore of patients at high risk for stroke is of significant medical and socioeconomical value. We reviewed the current literature and discuss the potential role of the most important serum biomarkers in identifying patients with carotid atherosclerosis who are at high risk for atheroembolic stroke.

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