In Vitro Study of Multi-Therapeutic Properties of Thymus bovei Benth. Essential Oil and Its Main Component for Promoting Their Use in Clinical Practice

Thymus bovei Benth. (TB) is an important plant in the traditional medicine of the Mediterranean region. This study investigates the health-promoting properties of TB essential oil (TB-EO) for its possible use in clinical practice with regards to its cytotoxic, anti-herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and antihypertensive (through inhibition of human angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE) properties. The phytochemical profile of EO (99.9%) was analyzed by Gas Chromatography with Flame-Ionization Detection (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In this study, all biological methods were performed at the level of in vitro studies. The results showed that TB-EO exerted remarked cytotoxic properties against human cervical carcinoma cells, colon cancer cells, and lung adenocarcinoma cells with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 7.22, 9.30, and 8.62 µg/mL, respectively, in comparison with that of standard anticancer drug cisplatin with IC50 values of 4.24, 5.21, and 5.43 µg/mL, respectively. Fascinatingly, TB-EO showed very weak cytotoxicity on the healthy human fetal lung fibroblast cells with an IC50 value of 118.34 µg/mL compared with that of cisplatin (IC50 = 10.08 µg/mL). TB-EO, its main component geraniol, TB-EO combined with acyclovir (ACV) along with standard ACV, have displayed pronounced inhibitory properties against the replication of HSV-2 with the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 2.13, 1.92, 0.81 and 1.94 µg/mL, respectively, with corresponding selectivity indices (SI) 98.59, 109.38, 259.26 and 108.25, respectively. TB-EO and geraniol at a concentration of 15 µg/mL showed prominent inhibitory activities against ACE with % of inhibition 95.4% and 92.2%, respectively, compared with that of standard inhibitor captopril (99.8%; 15 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies were performed to unveil the mechanism of action of geraniol as well as structural parameters necessary for anti-HSV-2 activity (through the inhibition of HSV-2 protease) and ACE inhibition. This is the first report on the chemical composition of Egyptian TB-EO along with the above-mentioned biological activities. Our results may be considered as novel findings in the course of a search for new and active anticancer, anti-HSV-2 and antihypertensive agents, and expand the medicinal value of this plant and its phytochemicals in clinical practice.

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Phytochemical Investigation and In-vitro Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from the Roots of Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke

European Journal of Medicinal Plants ◽

10.9734/ejmp/2019/v27i130102 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Pawan Kumar ◽

Sanjay Kumar ◽

Mohammad S. Javed ◽

A. K. Tewari ◽

K. S. Bisht

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Phytochemical Investigation ◽

Mycelia Growth ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Minor Portion ◽

In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Aim: The study was to evaluate the phytogenic chemical compounds and Antifungal Activity of essential oil from roots of Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke, growing in the Himalayan region of Jammu & Kashmir. Methodology: The essential oil was analyzed by Gas Chromatography & Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in relation with their Kavot indices and mass spectra. Results: The oil was found completely dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (71.9%) which includes 14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (37.5%), khusinol (20.7%), viridiflorol (8.0%), acorenone -B (4.2%) and 14-oxy-α-muurolene (1.1%) whereas δ-cadinene (8.9%), α-copaene (6.8%), germacrene-A (2.5%), and β-caryophyllene (1.3%) were the major compounds among sesquiterpenoids. Monoterpenoids constituted as the minor portion (3.8%) of essential oil. The oil was found almost free from oxygenated monoterpenoids (0.2%). The roots of S. vaginatum are used in folk lore medicines in Jammu & Kashmir. The oil from the roots showed marked antifungal activity. The oil had shown 100% mycelia growth inhibition against A. tenuis, C. graminicola, R. solani and S. sclerotiorum at a concentration of 500 µg/ml, 2000 µg/mL, 2000 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL respectively. However F. oxysporum was found less susceptible to the root oil of S. vaginatum. The IC50 values showed a range from 57.4 µg/mL–74.7 µg/mL as compared to standard fungicides with IC50 values 32.8 µg/mL–98.6 µg/mL. The spore germination inhibition test revealed the root oil as a potent inhibitor with IC50 values as 201.4 µg/mL, 414.7 µg/mL and 784.7 µg/mL for A. tenuis, C. graminicola and F. oxysporum. Conclusion: Our study showed that14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (37.5%), khusinol (20.7%), & viridiflorol (8.0%) are the major components in this oil and possessed potent antifungal activity against test fungal strain, respectively.

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VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF GLOBBA PENDULA ROXB. COLLECTED AT AN GIANG PROVINCE

Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.15625/2525-2518/58/4/14856 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 434

Author(s):

Ngo Thi Phuong ◽

Dinh Thi Thu Thuy ◽

Do Thi Thao ◽

Dinh Thi Thu Thuy ◽

Do Thi Thanh Huyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Cytotoxic Activity ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Cell Lines ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Main Component

Twenty-five compounds were identified from the essential oil of Globba pendula Roxb. by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with Selinene<d-> (22.09%) as the main component, followed by Ishwarane (6.52%). The essential oil was found to possess moderate NO inhibitory effect with IC50 of 41.68 ±4.51 µg/ml, significant cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and Hep3B cell lines with IC50 of 28.15±1.08 and 35.24±0.06 (µg/ml), respectively. This is the first report on volatile compounds and biological activities of essential oil of Globba pendula Roxb. collected at An Giang province, Vietnam.

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Novel Iodinated Hydrazide-hydrazones and their Analogues as Acetyl- and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026620666200819155503 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (23) ◽

pp. 2106-2117

Author(s):

Martin Krátký ◽

Šárka Štěpánková ◽

Michaela Brablíková ◽

Katarína Svrčková ◽

Markéta Švarcová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Covalent Binding ◽

Docking Studies ◽

Potent Inhibition ◽

Brain Barrier Permeability ◽

Electric Eel ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Ellman’S Method

Background: Hydrazide-hydrazones have been known as scaffold with various biological activities including inhibition of acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Cholinesterase inhibitors are mainstays of dementias’ treatment. Objective: Twenty-five iodinated hydrazide-hydrazones and their analogues were designed as potential central AChE and BuChE inhibitors. Methods: Hydrazide-hydrazones were synthesized from 4-substituted benzohydrazides and 2-/4- hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzaldehydes. The compounds were investigated in vitro for their potency to inhibit AChE from electric eel and BuChE from equine serum using Ellman’s method. We calculated also physicochemical and structural parameters for CNS delivery. Results: The derivatives exhibited a moderate dual inhibition with IC50 values ranging from 15.1-140.5 and 35.5 to 170.5 μmol.L-1 for AChE and BuChE, respectively. Generally, the compounds produced a balanced or more potent inhibition of AChE. N'-[(E)-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)methylidene]-4- nitrobenzohydrazide 2k and 4-fluoro-N'-(2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzyl)benzohydrazide 3a were the most potent inhibitors of AChE and BuChE, respectively. Structure-activity relationships were established, and molecular docking studies confirmed interaction with enzymes. Conclusion: Many novel hydrazide-hydrazones showed lower IC50 values than rivastigmine against AChE and some of them were comparable for BuChE to this drug used for the treatment of dementia. They interact with cholinesterases via non-covalent binding into the active site. Based on the BOILEDEgg approach, the majority of the derivatives met the criteria for blood-brain-barrier permeability.

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Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Wormwood (Artemisia absinthiumL.) Essential Oils and Phenolics

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2015/804658 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Kamel Msaada ◽

Nidhal Salem ◽

Olfa Bachrouch ◽

Slim Bousselmi ◽

Sonia Tammar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical variability of wormwood extracts as affected by the growing region. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were also investigated. The essential oil composition variability ofA. absinthiumL. aerial parts collected from four different Tunisian regions was assessed by gas chromatography (GC/FID) and by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In addition, total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of methanolic extract and essential oils were undertaken. Chromatographic analysis of wormwood essential oils showed the predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons represented mainly by chamazulene. RP-HPLC analysis of wormwood methanolic extract revealed the predominance of phenolic acids. Antiradical activity was region-dependant and the methanolic extract of Bou Salem region has the strongest activity (CI50=9.38±0.82 µg/mL). Concerning the reducing power, the methanolic extract of Bou Salem, Jérissa, and Boukornine regions was more active than the positive control. Obtained results of antimicrobial activities showed that wormwood essential oil is endowed with important antibacterial activity which was strongly related to the organoleptic quality of oil which appeared strongly region-dependant.A. absinthiumL. EOs investigated are quite interesting from a pharmaceutical standpoint because of their biological activities.

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Antiprotozoal Activity of Turkish Origanum onites Essential Oil and Its Components

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24234421 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (23) ◽

pp. 4421 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tasdemir ◽

Kaiser ◽

Demirci ◽

Baser

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Leishmania Donovani ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Main Component ◽

Origanum Onites

Essential oil of Origanum species is well known for antimicrobial activity, but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays. Herein, we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of Turkish Origanum onites L. oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts of O. onites and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum. The main component of the oil was identified as carvacrol (70.6%), followed by linalool (9.7%), p-cymene (7%), γ-terpinene (2.1%), and thymol (1.8%). The oil showed significant in vitro activity against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 180 ng/mL), and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects, without toxicity to mammalian cells. Carvacrol, thymol, and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil’s in vitro antiparasitic potency. In the T. b. brucei mouse model, thymol, but not carvacrol, extended the mean survival of animals. This study indicates the potential of the essential oil of O. onites and its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections.

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Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution, and Biological Activities of Rhododendron anthopogon Leaf Essential Oil from Nepal

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1601101230 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1601101 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Noura S. Dosoky ◽

Prabodh Satyal ◽

Suraj Pokharel ◽

William N. Setzer

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Volatile Components ◽

Cytotoxic Activities ◽

Blood Disorders ◽

Leaf Essential Oil ◽

Microbroth Dilution

Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don., a small compact Himalayan shrub growing in Nepal, is a known medicinal plant used to treat sore throat, colds, blood disorders, bone disease, potato allergies, and vomiting, and to relieve liver disorders, headaches and back pain. The present study investigated the chemical composition and bioactivities of the leaf essential oil from R. anthopogon from Dhankuta, Nepal. The essential oil from leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation and a detailed chemical analysis was conducted by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The enantiomeric distribution of monoterpenoid components was determined using chiral gas chromatography and represents the first chiral examination of R. anthopogon essential oil. The essential oil was screened for antimicrobial activity using the microbroth dilution test, and for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and 5637 using the MTT assay. A total of 70 volatile components were identified from the essential oil. The major components were α-pinene (21.5%), δ-cadinene (13.8%), β-pinene (9.5%), limonene (5.9%), δ-amorphene (4.6%), α-muurolene (4.5%), and ( E)-caryophyllene (3.2%) with other minor constituents (< 3%). The essential oil showed marginal antibacterial and cytotoxic activities, but no antifungal effects.

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Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Essential Oils of Pinus patula

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1100601031 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (10) ◽

pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ismail Amri ◽

Hamrouni Lamia ◽

Samia Gargouri ◽

Mohsen Hanana ◽

Mariem Mahfoudhi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Pinus Patula ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Total Oil

Essential oils isolated from needles of Pinus patula by hydrodistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-eight compounds were identified, representing 98.3% of the total oil. The oil was rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (62.4%), particularly α-pinene (35.2%) and β-phellandrene (19.5%). The in vitro antifungal assay showed that P. patula oil significantly inhibited the growth of 9 plant pathogenic fungi. The oil, when tested on Sinapis arvensis, Lolium rigidum, Phalaris canariensis and Trifolium campestre, completely inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of all species. Our preliminary results showed that P. patula essential oil could be valorized for the control of weeds and fungal plant diseases.

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Potential Application of Prunus armeniaca L. and P. domestica L. Leaf Essential Oils as Antioxidant and of Cholinesterases Inhibitors

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox8010002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marco Bonesi ◽

Maria Tenuta ◽

Monica Loizzo ◽

Vincenzo Sicari ◽

Rosa Tundis

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Positive Control ◽

Prunus Armeniaca ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Flame Ionization ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Comprehensive Comparison

The aim of this work is to investigate the in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrycholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Prunus armeniaca and P. domestica in relation to their composition, analysed by Gas Chromatography–Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses, at different times. Moreover, considering the role of free radicals in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, the antioxidant properties of essential oils were investigated by using, 2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and β-carotene bleaching tests. The relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) was used to achieve more comprehensive comparison between analysed antioxidant effects of essential oils. P. armeniaca oils were more active than P. domestica oils against AChE. Against BChE, the most active was the essential oil from P. domestica leaves collected in August with an IC50 value of 95.80 μg/mL. This oil exerted the highest inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation with IC50 values of 11.15 and 11.39 μg/mL after 30 and 60 min of incubation, respectively. All samples demonstrated a remarkable ABTS radicals scavenging activity, with IC50 values in the range 0.45–0.57 μg/mL in comparison to the positive control, ascorbic acid.

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Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities

Natural Products and Bioprospecting ◽

10.1007/s13659-020-00259-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 307-316

Author(s):

Mohammad Sanad Abu-Darwish ◽

Célia Cabral ◽

Zulfigar Ali ◽

Mei Wang ◽

Shabana I. Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Vero Cells ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

No Production ◽

Main Constituent ◽

Microbial Infections

Abstract In Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it’s predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.

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Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Thymus fontanesii Essential Oil from Algeria

The Natural Products Journal ◽

10.2174/2210315508666180427162542 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 193-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sid Ali Lamia ◽

Brada Moussa ◽

Fauconnier Marie-Laure ◽

Lognay Georges

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Electromagnetic Induction ◽

Reducing Power ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

The People ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Ic50 Values

Background: Thymus fontanesii is one of the important Algerian plants, used traditionally to treat the cough and cold. In addition, it may help to protect the people against lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress and can be used as an antioxidant agent for the preservation of processed food. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of Algerian Thymus fontanesii essential oil and to test its antioxidant activity. Methods: The oil was extracted by electromagnetic induction (EMI) heating assisted extraction and by hydrodistillation, and was analysed by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC/FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by three assays mainly: DPPH assay, reducing power and β-carotene/linoleic acid. Results: The yield of the essential oil was varied from 2.1 ± 0.3 to 3.1 ± 0.1% (w/w), and from 1.8 ± 0.01 to 2.6 ± 0.02% (w/w), for the electromagnetic induction heating assisted extraction and hydrodistillation, respectively. Twenty seven components were identified representing 95.6 - 99.9% of the oil. Carvacrol (54.7 ± 1.2 - 63.9 ± 1.9%) was the major compound followed by p-cymene (9.2 ± 1.2 - 17.5 ± 1.2%) and γ-terpinene (8.8 ± 0.9 - 14.9 ± 0.8%). The Thymus fontanesii essential oil was found as a significant antioxidant with IC50 values ranging from 57.3 ± 1.4 to 236.7 ± 1.4 μg/mL, which were higher than that of butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) choosing as reference (9.1 ± 1.2 to 67.8 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Conclusion: The obtained results encourage the use of Thymus species with bioactive compounds for further food applications.

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