scholarly journals The Transition to Noncommunicable Disease: How to Reduce Its Unsustainable Global Burden by Increasing Cognitive Access to Health Self-Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Linda S. Gottfredson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Cognitive Capacity ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Cognitive Access ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Healthcare Professions

The global epidemic of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is creating unsustainable burdens on health systems worldwide. NCDs are treatable but not curable. They are less amenable to top-down prevention and control than are the infectious diseases now in retreat. NCDs are mostly preventable, but only individuals themselves have the power to prevent and manage the diseases to which the enticements of modernity and rising prosperity have made them so susceptible (e.g., tobacco, fat-salt-carbohydrate laden food products). Rates of nonadherence to healthcare regimens for controlling NCDs are high, despite the predictable long-term ravages of not self-managing an NCD effectively. I use international data on adult functional literacy to show why the cognitive demands of today’s NCD self-management (NCD-SM) regimens invite nonadherence, especially among individuals of below-average or declining cognitive capacity. I then describe ways to improve the cognitive accessibility of NCD-SM regimens, where required, so that more patients are better able and motivated to self-manage and less likely to err in life-threatening ways. For the healthcare professions, I list tools they can develop and deploy to increase patients’ cognitive access to NCD-SM. Epidemiologists could identify more WHO “best buy” interventions to slow or reverse the world’s “slow-motion disaster” of NCDs were they to add two neglected variables when modeling the rising burdens of disease. The neglected two are both cognitive: the distribution of cognitive capacity levels of people in a population and the cognitive complexity of their health environments.

scholarly journals Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia and COVID-19 Mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Imran Majeed ◽  
Rehma Ahsan Gilani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Creative Commons ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Open Access Article

Insulin resistance is at the heart of pathogenesis of major noncommunicable disorders namely atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, even autoimmune diseases, possibly allergies and some cancers. Inflammation as instigated by hyperinsulinemia appears responsible for a major portion of noncommunicable diseases burden. The modern human diet wherein most of the calories come from starches, is the singular most important prevalent cause of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Most of the humanity is either diabetic or prediabetic (glucose intolerant) and vulnerable to dangerous consequences of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. One such consequence that we are faced with today, is mortality in COVID-19 infected patients who suffer from diabetes mellitus. Very little, certainly inadequate, attention has been paid to hyperinsulinemia and its life threatening repercussions during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Attention of researchers and health care systems is drawn to the obvious dangers of this oversight; be that the ongoing mortality due to COVID-19, or the noncommunicable disease burden in general. Editor-in-Chief How to cite this: Majeed SMI, Gilani RA. Insulin Resistance, Hyperinsulinemia and COVID-19 Mortality. Life and Science. 2020; 1(suppl): 1-1. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.178 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

scholarly journals Diagnostics and monitoring tools for noncommunicable diseases: a missing component in the global response

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz ◽  
Jessica H. Zafra-Tanaka ◽  
Miguel Moscoso-Porras ◽  
Rangarajan Sampath ◽  
Beatrice Vetter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Monitoring Tools

AbstractA key component of any health system is the capacity to accurately diagnose individuals. One of the six building blocks of a health system as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) includes diagnostic tools. The WHO’s Noncommunicable Disease Global Action Plan includes addressing the lack of diagnostics for noncommunicable diseases, through multi-stakeholder collaborations to develop new technologies that are affordable, safe, effective and quality controlled, and improving laboratory and diagnostic capacity and human resources. Many challenges exist beyond price and availability for the current tools included in the Package of Essential Noncommunicable Disease Interventions (PEN) for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. These include temperature stability, adaptability to various settings (e.g. at high altitude), need for training in order to perform and interpret the test, the need for maintenance and calibration, and for Blood Glucose Meters non-compatible meters and test strips. To date the issues surrounding access to diagnostic and monitoring tools for noncommunicable diseases have not been addressed in much detail. The aim of this Commentary is to present the current landscape and challenges with regards to guidance from the WHO on diagnostic tools using the WHO REASSURED criteria, which define a set of key characteristics for diagnostic tests and tools. These criteria have been used for communicable diseases, but so far have not been used for noncommunicable diseases. Diagnostic tools have played an important role in addressing many communicable diseases, such as HIV, TB and neglected tropical diseases. Clearly more attention with regards to diagnostics for noncommunicable diseases as a key component of the health system is needed.

scholarly journals Poor Sleep Health and Next Day Work Impairment: The Mediating Role of Fatigue

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
Breann LaRocque ◽  
Christina Mu ◽  
Soomi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Sleep Health ◽  
Work Impairment ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Healthcare Professions ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Abstract Nightly sleep impacts next-day alertness and cognitive functioning. For healthcare professions, work impairment can be life-threatening for patients. Thus, understanding how sleep affects work quality is imperative to promoting medical safety and overall health of workers. The current study investigated whether nightly sleep health is associated with next-day work impairment in nurses and whether this association is mediated by daily fatigue. Sixty nurses reported their sleep characteristics, fatigue, and work impairment using ecological momentary assessment for two weeks. We used a series of multilevel models (a path: sleep→fatigue, b path: fatigue→work impairment, c path: sleep→work impairment, c′ path: sleep and fatigue→work impairment), adjusting for sociodemographics and work shift. At the between-person level, poorer sleep quality was associated with greater work impairment (βc=-23.36, p<.001). This association was mediated by fatigue such that poorer sleep quality was associated with greater fatigue (βa=-19.54, p<.01), which was further associated with greater work impairment (βb=0.79, p<.001). After including fatigue, the association of sleep quality with work impairment was reduced (βc′ =-7.07, p=.08). Similarly, fatigue mediated the relationship between sleep sufficiency and work impairment (βa=-16.49; βb=0.79; βc=-19.36; p<.001; βc′ =-6.32, p=.05). At the within-person level, on days after long sleep duration (>8hrs), nurses reported greater work impairment (βc=10.08, p<.01), however, this was not mediated by fatigue. Our results suggest that poor sleep health may impair next-day work performance, mostly through increased fatigue. Future interventions for nurses can target daily fatigue to reduce the adverse effects of poor sleep on work impairment.

American Medical Sociology and Health Problems in the Global South

2022 ◽  
pp. 073112142110677
Author(s):  
Rebecca Farber ◽  
Joseph Harris
Keyword(s):  
American Medical ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Medical Sociology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Official Journal

COVID-19 has focused global attention on disease spread across borders. But how has research on infectious and noncommunicable disease figured into the sociological imagination historically, and to what degree has American medical sociology examined health problems beyond U.S. borders? Our 35-year content analysis of 2,588 presentations in the American Sociological Association’s (ASA) Section on Medical Sociology and 922 articles within the section’s official journal finds less than 15 percent of total research examined contexts outside the United States. Research on three infectious diseases in the top eight causes of death in low-income countries (diarrheal disease, malaria, and tuberculosis [TB]) and emerging diseases—Ebola, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)—was nearly absent, as was research on major noncommunicable diseases. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) received much more focus, although world regions hit hardest received scant attention. Interviews suggest a number of factors shape geographic foci of research, but this epistemic parochialism may ultimately impoverish sociological understanding of illness and disease.

scholarly journals Assessment of arrhythmias in 50 patients of ST-elevation myocardial infarction after thrombolysis: a 24 hour Holter study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi Rajhans ◽  
M. Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Sinus Tachycardia ◽  
Anterior Wall ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Inferior Wall ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
St Elevation

Background: Acute coronary syndrome represents a global epidemic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the first 24 hours of hospitalization post thrombolysis.Methods: 50 patients of AMI satisfying the inclusion criteria were included for this observational study. Philips Digitrak Holter was attached to the patient's chest for 24 hours and arrhythmias were noted.Results: In the study group 70% of cases were males, rest 30% females. Maximum incidence of AMI was seen between 4th and 7th decade of life. Incidence of diabetes and hypertension were 54% and 66% respectively either alone or in combination. Overall incidence of anterior wall was higher 56% than inferior wall which was 44%. Sinus tachycardia was seen in 54% of cases with higher incidence in anterior wall MI. Among the reperfusion arrhythmias incidence of frequent VPCs was highest with 66% followed by AIVR (42%) and NSVT (30%). AF was found in 3 cases i.e. 6% of which one died. One patient had VF to which she succumbed.Conclusions: It is a matter of debate whether arrhythmias being so common in AMI, should be considered under clinical spectrum or complication of AMI. An increasing belief that less serious arrhythmias may serve as a warning sign for potentially life threatening arrhythmias and timely intervention by drugs, D.C. shock or pacemakers can prevent mortality in these sets of patients.

scholarly journals Risk factors of adolescent health: mass poll results

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
R. U. Khabriev ◽  
R. I. Yagudina ◽  
M. A. Rashid ◽  
E. E. Arinina
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Public Health Epidemiology

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results.Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%).Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents.Scope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology.Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Noncommunicable Disease Service Utilization among Expatriate Patients in Thailand: An Analysis of Hospital Service Data, 2014–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9721
Author(s):  
Anon Khunakorncharatphong ◽  
Nareerut Pudpong ◽  
Rapeepong Suphanchaimat ◽  
Sataporn Julchoo ◽  
Mathudara Phaiyarom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
P Value ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional

Global morbidity associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the years. In Thailand, NCDs are among the most prevalent of all health problems, and affect both Thai citizens and non-Thai residents, such as expatriates. Key barriers to NCD health service utilization among expatriates include cultural and language differences. This study aimed to describe the situation and factors associated with NCD service utilizations among expatriate patients in Thailand. We employed a cross-sectional study design and used the service records of public hospitals from the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) during the fiscal years 2014–2018. The focus of this study was on expatriates or those who had stayed in Thailand for at least three months. The results showed that, after 2014, there was an increasing trend in NCD service utilizations among expatriate patients for both outpatient (OP) and inpatient (IP) care. For OP care, Cambodia, Laos PDR, Myanmar, and Vietnam (CLMV) expatriates had fewer odds of NCD service utilization, relative to non-CLMV expatriates (p-value < 0.001). For IP care, males tended to have greater odds of NCD service utilization compared with females (AdjOR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.05–1.74, p-value = 0.019). Increasing age showed a significant association with NCD service utilization. In addition, there was a growing trend of the NCD prevalence amongst expatriate patients. This issue points to a need for prompt public health actions if Thailand aims to have all people on its soil protected with universal health coverage for their well-being, as stipulated in the Sustainable Development Goals. Future studies that aim to collect primary evidence of expatriates at the household level should be conducted. Additional research on other societal factors that may help provide a better insight into access to healthcare for NCDs, such as socioeconomic status, beliefs, and attitudes, should be conducted.

The Contribution of mHealth in the Care of Obese Pediatric Patients

2016 ◽  
pp. 126-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elpis Vlachopapadopoulou ◽  
Dimitrios I. Fotiadis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Remote Monitoring ◽  
Chronic Health Condition ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Closed Loops ◽  
Global Health Issue ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Motivational Approaches

In this chapter the evolution of mHealth solutions for monitoring and treatment of children suffering from obesity is discussed. Nowadays, obesity emerges as a major chronic health condition that affects the general population, both children and adults. mhealth solutions are already used for self-management, remote monitoring and counseling of several chronic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, heart failure, Parkinson's disease, etc. Today, those solutions can result to closed loops, which support health self-management for chronic diseases, in a personalized manner. Concerning childhood obesity, those solutions can combine targeted games and motivational approaches towards both physical activity and diet, which could help in addressing this serious and global health issue, in the direction of minimizing co-morbidities and eventually preventing serious, life threatening events.

scholarly journals Secular Changes in Mortality and Hospitalization over Time in People with Kidney Failure or Severe CKD as Compared with Other Noncommunicable Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2631-2641
Author(s):  
Marcello Tonelli ◽  
Natasha Wiebe ◽  
Matthew T. James ◽  
Scott W. Klarenbach ◽  
Braden J. Manns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Failure ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Secular Trends ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Absolute Reduction ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
Over Time

BackgroundFew new treatments have been developed for kidney failure or CKD in recent years, leading to perceptions of slower improvement in outcomes associated with CKD or kidney failure than for other major noncommunicable diseases.MethodsOur retrospective cohort study included 548,609 people with an incident noncommunicable disease, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, various cancers, and severe CKD or kidney failure treated with renal replacement (KF-RRT), treated in Alberta, Canada, 2004–2015. For each disease, we assessed presence or absence of 8 comorbidities; we also compared secular trends in relative (compared to a referent year of 2004) and absolute risks of mortality and mean annual days in the hospital associated with each disease after 1 year and 5 years.ResultsComorbidities increased significantly in number over time for all noncommunicable diseases except diabetes, and increased most rapidly for CKD and KF-RRT. Significant but relatively small reductions over time in the risk ratio of mortality at 1 year occurred for nearly all noncommunicable diseases. Secular trends in the absolute risk of mortality were similar; CKD and KF-RRT had a relatively favorable ranking at 1 year. Breast cancer, KF-RRT, diabetes, and colorectal cancer displayed the largest relative reductions in number of hospital days at 1 year. Significant absolute reductions in the number of hospital days were observed for both KF-RRT and CKD; the former had the highest absolute reduction among all noncommunicable diseases. Results were similar at 5 years.ConclusionsWe observed secular reductions in mortality and annual hospital days at 1 year and 5 years among incident patients with KF-RRT and severe CKD, as well as several other common noncommunicable diseases.

A Comparison Between Selected Noncommunicable Disease Mortality Rates Between 2010 and 2016 Among Selected Southern African Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ellapen ◽  
M. Barnard ◽  
G. L. Strydom ◽  
K. M. Masime ◽  
Y. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Noncommunicable Disease ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Disease Mortality

Researchers have identified cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases as being the principal pathologies of increased aged standardized death rates (ASDRs) among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The objective of this study was to compare the change in the ASDR of these principal NCDs between the years 2010 and 2016 in Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. ASDR data were collected from the 2016 Global Health Estimate. Among the selected Southern African countries for both 2010 and 2016, the order of prevalence of NCDs linked to increased ASDR was cardiovascular diseases (both cardiac and stroke), cancer, diabetes mellitus, and chronic respiratory diseases. The percentage of the total number of NCDs linked to increased ASDR in relation to total deaths increased from 43.8% (in 2010) to 51.0% (in 2016) from ( p < .0001). The percentage of principal NCDs in relation to total ASDR increased from 33.0% (in 2010) to 38.2% (in 2016; p < .0001).

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