scholarly journals Policies for Improving PM2.5 Particles and GHGs Emissions in a Maritime Port of Taiwan: Evidence Based on the INDC and GGRMA Regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1315
Author(s):  
Ching-Chih Chang ◽  
Yi-An Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Policy Proposals ◽  
Port Of Kaohsiung

The impact of possible emission reduction policies designed to reduce port emissions in the Port of Kaohsiung in Taiwan was analyzed, focusing on ways to reduce air pollution from CO2, CH4, N2O, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, and SOx generated by vessels, cranes, and truck tractors in the port. This paper was set up in two stages to determine how pollution reduction policies could reach the 2030 and in 2050 goals. The results showed that emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, and SOx could be reduced by 46%, 26%, 25%, 77%, 77%, 76%, and 68%, respectively, in the first stage (in 2030, INDC), and by 57%, 59%, 53%, 79%, 79%, 80%, and 69%, respectively, in the second stage (in 2050, GGGRMA), as compared to 2005 data. This paper concludes as follows: (1) for vessels, the use of liquid natural gas is the best way to reduce GHGs when navigating by water; (2) for bridge cranes, electrification is the better policy during operation; (3) in the case of truck tractors, the generation of battery-electric power is the best way to reduce emissions. These policy proposals for improving air quality can be applied to all ports in Taiwan.

Rawlsian justice in healthcare: a response to Cox and Fritz

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107144
Author(s):  
Abeezar I Sarela
Keyword(s):  
Public Reason ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Reasonable Person ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Rawlsian Justice ◽  
Principles Of Justice ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Health Justice ◽  
Policy Proposals

Cox and Fritz state the central problem as the absence of a framework for healthcare policy decisions; but, they overlook the theoretical underpinnings of public law. In response, they propose a two-step procedure to guide fair decision-making. The first step relies on Thomas Scanlon’s ‘contractualism’ for stakeholders to consider whether, or not, they could reasonably reject policy proposals made by others; then in the second step, John Rawls’s principles of justice are applied to these proposals; a fair policy requires to pass both steps. I argue that Cox and Fritz misinterpret Rawls. His theory has two stages: first, public reason is used to generate principles of justice; second, public reason is used to interpret and apply these principles. The second stage requires that proposals are based on the principles of justice from the first stage, and these proposals have to be acceptable to reasonable persons. Thus, Rawls’s theory does not need Scanlonian supplementation. Moreover, the application of Rawls’s theory in Cox and Fritz’s model is confusing. In any case, the problems with applying Rawlsian justice to healthcare can be located elsewhere. First, Rawls’s theory would treat healthcare simply as a ‘primary good’ or resource. Social justice ought to, instead, consider healthcare as an opportunity, in the manner conceived by Amartya Sen. Second, Rawlsian justice rests, ultimately, on the conception of a reasonable person; until and unless the characteristics of reasonable stakeholders are clarified, any model of health justice will remain hostage to the unreasonable.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF EXAMINATION STRESS ON THE INDICES OF THE MENTAL WORKING CAPACITY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-533
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Grosheva ◽  
N. V. Sokolova ◽  
O. I. Gubina
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Mental Performance ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Reactive Anxiety ◽  
Exam Stress ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. In this study, there were examined features of the impact of exam stress on mental performance and anxiety level in 2-3 year students of medical and pedagogical universities. Materials and methods. The levels of reactive and personal anxiety were studied according to the C. Spielberger anxiety scale adapted by Yu. L. Khanin, attention was assessed using the Pieron-Rüser test, the Bourdon-Anfimov correction test was used to study the level of mental performance, the type of temperament was determined using a two-factor model of extraversion and neuroticism using questionnaire H.J. Eysenck. The study was implemented in two stages: the first stage - during the semester period, and the second stage - during the examination session. For processing the data obtained during the study, a standard statistical software package was used, and correlation analysis was used to identify the relationships between the variables studied. Results. The assessment of situational anxiety in the second stage showed a statistically significant increase in the number of students with high and extremely high levels of anxiety in 24 and 3 respondents from the 1 group respectively (p ≤ 0.05), and 17 and 3 respondents in group 2, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation analysis of the relationship between reactive anxiety and mental performance showed a weak and medium correlation among students in both groups. The attention study in both groups showed that in the second stage of the study, the indices change: in 1 group, the proportion of students with a low level of attention increased to 40%, and in 2 the number of students with low and very low level of attention decreased by 2.77% and 11.08%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion. Increased study loads and requirements for students were proved to contribute to an increase in the level of reactive anxiety, in the period between sessions indices of mental performance in students decrease, respectively, and the level of attention declines.

Investigation of the Cost of Future Naval Amphibious Capability

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Jones ◽  
Rob Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Task Group ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Vessel Impact ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Through the creation of a large number of concept designs, the cost and vessel impact of deploying and supporting amphibious operations has been investigated. The investigation has looked at capabilities such as the transportation and delivery of vehicles, landing craft, aviation and embarked troops in a number of platform types such as LPDs, LHDs and Ro-Ros. A series of trends describing the costs of the capability have been investigated to estimate the cost of individual capabilities within a design. Over the timeframe of the study, vessel manning is predicted to change and a method of predicting the crew requirement has been developed to investigate the impact of reduced manning on amphibious platform designs. This is the first of two stages of work; in the second stage the requirements for a task group will be investigated to determine the best way to deploy capability at a fleet level.

Searching sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity

2003 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Misaki ◽  
S Aomura
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Metal Parts ◽  
Sheet Metal Parts ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Robot Gripper ◽  
Bending Process ◽  
Similar Part ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Flat Pattern

Sheet metal parts have been widely used in industry and much information for parts has been accumulated in a database. In planning the manufacturing process of a sheet metal part, if the process plan of a similar part can be retrieved from the database, the process planning would be faster and more consistent. In this paper, an effective method of searching the sheet metal parts based on bending process similarity is proposed. This method consists of two stages. In the first stage, flat pattern drawings of the parts with the same set-up numbers are classified into several topological structures. In the second stage, the parts that possess a similar bending process to the target part are selected. The bending process similarity is defined by the grasping position of a robot gripper. The number of reposition and grasping positions are decided by taking the geometric element of the flat pattern into consideration. The effectiveness of this method is described and illustrative examples are shown.

NICE LESSONS TO BE LEARNED

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Farmer ◽  
Rosemary Chesson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Health Board ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Information Centre ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: This study examined users' perceptions of the role and value of the Scottish Health Purchasing Information Centre (SHPIC) from 1995 to 1998.Methods: Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather data from Scottish GP fundholders and health board managers at two stages.Results: Initially, purchasers sought help in identifying the most relevant information. By 1997, while some appreciated the clinical and cost-effectiveness information produced, others were critical of lack of timely production and apparent lack of cooperation between agencies.Conclusions: New U.K. agencies can learn from SHPIC's problems, specifically in producing clear, coordinated, timely, independent, and well-marketed information with implementation strategies.Policy Implications: It is important to evaluate the impact of agencies to produce and disseminate evidence-based information, even if this has to be done pragmatically rather than as an outcomes-based assessment. Evidence from evaluations can inform direction and strategy for existing and new agencies.

Studies on the impact of external fire on the lye of the shelter housing

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
A. Baryłka
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fourier Equation ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Vast Area

Purpose: The presented article presents a numerical analysis carried out to determine the impact of an external fire taking place on the surface of the ground on the level of stress of the trench shelter casing protected by a layer of soil. Design/methodology/approach: Numerical analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, a quasi-stationary distribution of the initial temperature in the centre of the ground and the shelter casing was sought. In the second stage of the analysis, the effect of the fire was considered according to the profile of time changes in the temperature of the shelter object. Findings: We assume that the trench shelter is in an oblong shape, and the fire extends over a vast area. The area surrounding the shelter casing was treated as a material with average constant thermodynamic values. Research limitations/implications: The process related to heating and cooling the enclosure was described on the basis of the Fourier equation on heat conduction in terms of the heterogeneous nature of the material, primer and concrete. Practical implications: The use of the trench shelter model as a research element in the design of special objects. Originality/value: The methods of non-stationary temperature flow through the ground and the shelter casing used, allows for a very realistic indication of how the housing will behave under the influence of high temperature caused by an external fire. The article can be useful for designers who design underground shelters.

General Practitioners' Knowledge and Use of a Disabled Living Centre

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Anna V Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
General Practitioners ◽  
Telephone Interview ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
To Receive

In March 1994, 141 Aberdeen general practitioners (GPs) were surveyed to clarify why Hillylands Disabled Living Centre (DLC) appeared to receive few direct referrals from this professional group. This was carried out in two stages. The first consisted of a postal questionnaire which received a 77% response rate. This identified that 90% of the 108 respondents knew of Hillylands' existence but only 24% were fully aware of the services it offered. Forty-six per cent had advised someone to visit Hillylands DLC, although only 17% of GPs had visited the centre themselves. The second stage, a telephone interview of 46 volunteer GPs, indicated that some GPs recognised a need to increase their awareness. Some felt that it was not appropriate that they visit Hillylands DLC, although those who had done so had found their visit useful. Recommendations are made to extend the mailing list at Hillylands and to set up a monitoring system to ensure regular liaison and supply of publicity material. It is also suggested that the feasibility of developing a comprehensive publicity initiative be investigated.

scholarly journals Solidification Mechanism of the D-Gun Sprayed Fe-Al Particles

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 2391-2397
Author(s):  
W. Wołczyński ◽  
C. Senderowski ◽  
B. Fikus ◽  
A.J. Panas
Keyword(s):  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Solid Shell ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Liquid Particle ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Solidification Mechanism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Spraying Method

AbstractThe detonation gas spraying method is used to study solidification of the Fe-40Al particles after the D-gun spraying and settled on the water surface. The solidification is divided into two stages. First, the particle solid shell forms during the particle contact with the surrounding air / gas. Usually, the remaining liquid particle core is dispersed into many droplets of different diameter. A single Fe-Al particle is described as a body subjected to a rotation and finally to a centrifugal force leading to segregation of iron and aluminum. The mentioned liquid droplets are treated as some spheres rotated freely / chaotically inside the solid shell of the particle and also are subjected to the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force, and first of all, the impact of the particles onto the water surface promote a tendency for making punctures in the particles shell. The droplets try to desert / abandon the mother-particles through these punctures. Some experimental evidences for this phenomenon are delivered. It is concluded that the intensity of the mentioned phenomenon depends on a given droplet momentum. The droplets solidify rapidly during their settlement onto the water surface at the second stage of the process under consideration. A model for the solidification mechanism is delivered.

scholarly journals Specific heat-temperature curves of some age-hardening alloys

1938 ◽  
Vol 168 (933) ◽  
pp. 237-264 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Two Stages

In a recent paper Gayler (1937) has dealt with the various theories of age hardening and has put forward the view that ageing takes place in two stages: in the first stage the solute atoms diffuse to planes about which precipitation proper will ultimately take place, and this gives rise to an increase in resistance to deformation and an increase in electrical resistivity without change in lattice parameter. The second stage follows the first and takes place nearly simultaneously. Some of the diffusing atoms will form molecules gradually form groups which will tend to produce a gradual decrease in resistivity and a diminution in the rate of hardening. When the molecular groups have grown to such an extent that the parent solid solution can no longer withstand the stresses set up, release of these stresses is caused by rejection of the groups, i. e. precipitation proper takes place. Once precipitation has set in them, according to Gayler's view, softening should begin. This theory tends to combine the "Knot" theory (Gayler and Preston 1932), which states that age-hardening occurs due to the formation of clusters or groups of atoms inside the parent lattice (the first stage, according to Gayler), and the precipitation theory (Merica and other 1919) which attributed hardening to the presence of large numbers of precipitated particles, probably ultramicroscopic in size, dispersed throughout the material. Naturally the formation of clusters or knots will occur at a lower temperature than precipitation, so that at low temperatures hardening will occur by the mechanism of the first stage. At high temperatures hardening may take place due to precipitation, the first stage being masked entirely. The question as to which of the tow processes is likely to be more effective in any particular alloy when heat-treated to give the maximum hardness obtainable in the hardening range is not specifically dealt with by Gayler, although it is stated that the experimental evidence available suggests that the second stage is, in general, more important. The work of Cohen (1936) on the silver-copper alloy containing 7∙5 % copper supports this contention, since his results show that hardening due to knot formation even at low temperatures (100-150°C) is very small indeed.

scholarly journals Optimal Facility Location Model Based on Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Siting Urban Refueling Stations

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawei Chen ◽  
Shun Zhou ◽  
Yuanchang Xie ◽  
Xuhong Li
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Station Location ◽  
The Impact

This paper analyzes the impact factors and principles of siting urban refueling stations and proposes a three-stage method. The main objective of the method is to minimize refueling vehicles’ detour time. The first stage aims at identifying the most frequently traveled road segments for siting refueling stations. The second stage focuses on adding additional refueling stations to serve vehicles whose demands are not directly satisfied by the refueling stations identified in the first stage. The last stage further adjusts and optimizes the refueling station plan generated by the first two stages. A genetic simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem in the second stage and the results are compared to those from the genetic algorithm. A case study is also conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and algorithm. The results indicate the proposed method can provide practical and effective solutions that help planners and government agencies make informed refueling station location decisions.

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