scholarly journals Effects of Trichoderma strigosellum in Eucalyptus urophylla Development and Leaf-Cutting Ant Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Kamilla Otoni Marques Batista ◽  
Dayara Vieira Silva ◽  
Vitor L. Nascimento ◽  
Danival José de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Ant Behavior ◽  
Leaf Cutting

Fungal endophytes can protect plants against herbivory and be used to control leaf-cutting ants. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of endophytic colonization of Eucalyptus urophylla by three filamentous fungal species and their influence on the plant development and foraging behavior of Atta sexdens. The study design was completely randomized and comprised a factorial scheme of 4 × 3, three antagonistic fungal species (Escovopsis sp., Metarhizium anisopliae, and Trichoderma strigosellum) of the leaf-cutting ant, and one control and three inoculation methods (conidial suspension via foliar spray [FS] and soil drench [SD] inoculation, and seedlings inoculated with mycelium [SWM]). The SWM method allowed T. strigosellum to colonize all plant organs, and these plants exhibited higher height, leaf number, shoot dry mass, and total dry mass than the ones subjected to the other inoculation methods. The SWM method increased the plant height than the control plants and those inoculated with Escovopsis sp. and M. anisopliae. Trichoderma strigosellum, previously isolated from soil, colonized E. urophylla plants and positively influenced their development, as demonstrated by the SWM method. Trichoderma strigosellum promoted the increase in E. urophylla height compared with when the FS and SD methods were used (by 19.62% and 18.52%, respectively). Our results reveal that A. sexdens workers preferentially began cutting the leaves from plants not previously colonized by T. strigosellum. This behavior can be explained by modifications in the phenotypic traits of the eucalyptus leaves.

scholarly journals Species in section Peltidea (aphthosa group) of the genus Peltigera remain cryptic after molecular phylogenetic revision

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Miadlikowska ◽  
Nicolas Magain ◽  
Carlos J. Pardo-De la Hoz ◽  
Dongling Niu ◽  
Trevor Goward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Specificity ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Structure ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
High Bootstrap ◽  
Phylogenetic Revision

AbstractClosely related lichen-forming fungal species circumscribed using phenotypic traits (morphospecies) do not always align well with phylogenetic inferences based on molecular data. Using multilocus data obtained from a worldwide sampling, we inferred phylogenetic relationships among five currently accepted morphospecies of Peltigera section Peltidea (P. aphthosa group). Monophyletic circumscription of all currently recognized morphospecies (P. britannica, P. chionophila, P. frippii and P. malacea) except P. aphthosa, which contained P. britannica, was confirmed with high bootstrap support. Following their re-delimitation using bGMYC and Structurama, BPP validated 14 putative species including nine previously unrecognized potential species (five within P. malacea, five within P. aphthosa, and two within P. britannica). Because none of the undescribed potential species are corroborated morphologically, chemically, geographically or ecologically, we concluded that these monophyletic entities represent intraspecific phylogenetic structure, and, therefore, should not be recognized as new species. Cyanobionts associated with Peltidea mycobionts (51 individuals) represented 22 unique rbcLX haplotypes from five phylogroups in Clade II subclades 2 and 3. With rare exceptions, Nostoc taxa involved in trimembered and bimembered associations are phylogenetically closely related (subclade 2) or identical, suggesting a mostly shared cyanobiont pool with infrequent switches. Based on a broad geographical sampling, we confirm a high specificity of Nostoc subclade 2 with their mycobionts, including a mutualistically exclusive association between phylogroup III and specific lineages of P. malacea.

scholarly journals Endophyte inoculation enhances Ulmus minor resistance to Dutch elm disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Martínez-Arias ◽  
J Sobrino-Plata ◽  
S Ormeño-Moncalvillo ◽  
L Gil ◽  
J Rodríguez-Calcerrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Ulmus Minor ◽  
Utilization Patterns

AbstractCertain fungal endophytes are known to improve plant resistance to biotic stresses in forest trees. In this study, three stem fungal endophytes belonging to classes Cystobasidiomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Dothideomycetes were selected from 210 isolates for their potential as enhancers of Ulmus minor resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. We evaluated phenotypic traits of these endophytes that could be beneficial for inhibiting O. novo-ulmi in the host plant. Under in vitro conditions, the Dothideomycetous isolate YCB36 strongly inhibited O. novo-ulmi growth, released antipathogenic VOCs, chitinases and siderophores, and overlapped with the pathogen in nutrient utilization patterns. These functional traits could explain the 40% reduction in leaf wilting due to O. novo-ulmi in elm trees pre-inoculated with this endophyte. Ulmus minor trees inoculated with this endophyte showed increased leaf stomatal conductance and higher concentrations of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds in xylem tissues, suggesting induction of defence metabolism.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Endophyte Mycobiome in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) Using Illumina Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonjock R. Kinge ◽  
S. Ghosh ◽  
Errol Cason ◽  
Marieka Gryzenhout
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Generic Groups ◽  
Small Scale Farmers

Abstract Cowpea is an important crop for small-scale farmers in poor areas, but is also being developed for commercial agriculture as a possible substitute for commercial legumes. Endophytic fungi are omnipresent and play crucial but diverse roles in plants. This study characterized the endophyte component of the cowpea mycobiome from leaves, main and crown stems, and roots using Illumina MiSeq of the ITS2 region of the ribosomal operon. Ascomycetes exhibited the highest diversity, with Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) assigned as Macrophomina, Cladosporium, Phoma, Fusarium and Cryptococcus, among the most dominant genera. The highest fungal species richness was found in roots followed by leaves. Certain MOTUS showed preferential colonization patterns for above or below ground tissues. Several MOTU generic groups known to include phytopathogenic species were found, with relative abundances ranging from high to very low. Phylogenetic analyses of reads for some MOTUs showed that a level of identification could be obtained to species level, while the absences of other species, including phytopathogens, could be shown. This is the first study that adopted a holistic metagenomic typing approach to study the fungal endophytes of cowpea, a crop that is so integral for low-income households of the world.

scholarly journals DOSES DE POTÁSSIO E LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA QUALIDADE DE MUDAS DE EUCALIPTO

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-649
Author(s):  
Antonio Henrique Cordeiro Ramalho ◽  
Fernanda Dalfior Maffioletti ◽  
Paulo André Trazzi ◽  
Eduardo Cordeiro Ramalho ◽  
Nilton Cesar Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Tukey Test ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Base Substrate

A produtividade florestal depende das potencialidades genéticas das matrizes, do ambiente proposto pelos substratos, frequência de irrigação, disponibilidade de luz, nutrição e das condições fitossanitárias. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo analisar os efeitos da aplicação de potássio e de irrigação na qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus urophylla. Para tal adotou-se o delineamento experimental em parcelas subdivididas definindo as 2 lâminas de irrigação (10 mm e 15 mm) como parcelas e os 5 níveis de potássio (0; 1,2; 2,4; 4,8; e 9,6 g L-1) como subparcelas, em 5 repetições compostas por 9 plantas. A comparação entre os métodos foi feita através teste de Tukey com 5% de probabilidade. Aos 120 dias, foram avaliadas: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz. O tratamento testemunha apresentou as melhores médias em todos os parâmetros, sendo considerado o mais eficiente. A lâmina de irrigação de 15 mm foi considerada a mais eficiente. Portanto, conclui-se que qualquer que seja o incremento de potássio na produção de mudas, o mesmo deve se relacionar harmonicamente com a quantidade pré-existente no substrato base e com as exigências da cultura, de maneira que haja equilíbrio entre todas as partes. Palavras-chave: manejo hídrico; rustificação; substrato; casa de sombra.   IRRIGATION AND POTASSIUM LEVELS IN THE QUALITY OF EUCALYPTUS   ABSTRACT:  Forest productivity depends on the genetic potential of the matrices, the environment proposed by the substrates, frequency of irrigation, availability of light, nutrition and phytosanitary conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effects of potassium and irrigation on the quality of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings. For this purpose, the experimental design was adopted in subdivided plots, defining the 2 layers of irrigation (10 mm and 15 mm) as plots and the 5 levels of potassium (0; 1.2; 2.4; 4.8; and 9.6 g L-1) as subplots, in 5 repetitions composed of 8 plants. The comparison between the methods was made using the Tukey test with a 5% probability. At 120 days, the following were evaluated: height of the aerial part, diameter of the neck, dry mass of the aerial part and the root. The control treatment showed the best averages in all parameters, being considered the most efficient. The 15 mm irrigation blade was considered the most efficient. Therefore, it is concluded that whatever the potassium increase in the production of seedlings, it must be harmoniously related to the pre-existing quantity in the base substrate and to the requirements of the culture, so that there is balance between all parts. Keywords: water management; rustification; substrate; shadow house.

scholarly journals Inoculation Methods and Doses and Relationship with the Vegetative and Reproductive Development of Soybeans

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
David Peres da Rosa ◽  
Junior Verardi ◽  
Junior Santana Girardi ◽  
Paulo Henrique Conte ◽  
Roger Toscan Spagnolo
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Increase In Productivity ◽  
Seed Method ◽  
Root Resistance ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Number Of Seeds

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the method of in-furrow inoculant application with the other existing methods, as well as, in different doses in the development of soybean culture. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a two-factorial scheme (4 x 3), with four inoculation methods, without inoculation (control), by seed, in-furrow and leaf spray, with three doses, 100, 200 and 400%. Leaf and root dry mass, number of nodules, pods per plant, number of seeds per vegetables, height, knots per plant, productivity, root resistance and average chlorophyll content were measured. The combination of factors did not affect plant height, leaf dry matter, root resistance, grains and pods per plant, plant per knot and weight of 100 seeds, affecting only other parameters, in which the largest root dry matter occurred in in-furrow inoculation in the dose of 400%, with 3.82 g plant-1, against 3.43 g plant-1 in the by seed method in the same dose. In the in-furrow application at the 100% dose, the highest number of grains pod-1 occurred, with 3.42 grains pod-1, combined with an increase in pods plants-1, and a 19% increase in productivity relative to the control, and 9.5% at the third increase, in the spray. Co-inoculation methods affect the development of soybeans, and the method that provided the greatest of soybean development was by in-furrow.

Temporal variations in isolation frequency of endophytic fungi of Japanese beech

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Sahashi ◽  
Takanori Kubono ◽  
Yukiko Miyasawa ◽  
Shin'ichiro Ito
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Fagus Crenata ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Organ Specificity ◽  
Japanese Beech ◽  
Isolation Frequency ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Unidentified Species

To determine the dominant fungal endophytes of the Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) and to monitor their isolation frequency, we isolated fungi from symptomless organs of beech including leaves, petioles, and current and old (1- to 5-year-old) twigs after surface sterilization. Of the 13 fungal taxa obtained, 3 were isolated most often. An unidentified species of Discula and an unidentified sterile fungus, Lb, were isolated frequently from leaves, and an unidentified species of Phomopsis was isolated most frequently from twigs. The isolation frequency over the growing season varied for the two dominant fungal species in the leaves, Discula sp. and Lb. These two species had similar patterns of isolation, even in petioles and current-year twigs, although isolation frequencies of a given species varied with organs. An organ-specific distribution of the fungal species in the host plant was apparent. The three fungal species noted above were considered to be the dominant endophytes of the Japanese beech.Key words: fungal endophyte, Fagus crenata, isolation frequency, organ specificity.

scholarly journals First Report of Colletotrichum acutatum in Blueberry Plants in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1285-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Barrau ◽  
B. de los Santos ◽  
F. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
First Report ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Leaf Tissues

An anthracnose disease was observed affecting leaves of high-bush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Sharpblue’) in small areas within two production fields in Huelva Province of Andalucía, in southwestern Spain. The first symptoms observed in late spring were circular, necrotic lesions, red to salmon in color, and ranging from 3 to 20 mm in diameter. Later, lesions became salmon colored in the center with a brilliant red halo. Fungal isolations were made from the lesions. Infected tissues were surface-disinfected in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, blotted dry on sterile filter paper, and plated on 2% water agar. The plates were incubated at 25°C for 5 to 10 days. Fungal colonies isolated from the tissues were transferred to potato dextrose yeast agar (PDYA). Only one fungal species was consistently isolated from affected leaf tissues and was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds based on morphological characteristics (2) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1). Colonies of the fungus on PDYA showed a white-to-gray dense mycelium covered with salmon-colored spore masses. The reverse of the plates was a pink-salmon color. Colony diameter on PDYA averaged 50 mm after 7 days at 25°C. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to cylindrical, and 12.5 × 3.2 μm. Inoculation of leaves and fruits of blueberry cv. Misty with a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) of C. acutatum produced lesions on the leaves and fruits similar to those observed on diseased plants in the field. The pathogen was isolated from lesions on inoculated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum in high-bush blueberry plants in Spain. References: (1) T. A. Cooke et al. EPPO Bull. 25:57, 1995. (2) B. C. Sutton. The Coelomycetes. CMI, Kew, England, 1980.

scholarly journals First Report of a Leaf Blight Caused by Pyricularia pennisetigena on Cenchrus echinatus in Paraguay

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinthia C. Cazal-Martínez ◽  
Yessica Magaliz Reyes Caballero ◽  
Alice Chávez ◽  
Pastor Enmanuel Pérez Estigarribia ◽  
Alcides Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacers ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Sterile Water ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
First Report ◽  
Microscopic Features

The genus Pyricularia contains several fungal species known to cause diseases on plants in the Poaceae family (Klaubauf et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2019). While sampling for P. oryzae during March-2015 and April-2018, common weed Cenchrus echinatus L. was observed with leaf lesions in and around experimental wheat fields in the departments of Canindeyú and Itapúa. C. echinatus samples from both locations displayed similar leaf lesions, varying from small light brown pinpoint to elliptical brown lesions with greyish center. Symptomatic leaves were surface disinfested and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 1% gentamicin at 25°C. Two monosporic isolates were obtained, one from Itapúa (ITCeh117) and the other from Canindeyú (YCeh55). The isolates were subsequently grown on oatmeal agar (OA) and PDA under a 12-h photoperiod at 25°C and evaluated after ten days for colony diameter, sporulation, macroscopic and microscopic features. Colonies on OA reached up to 4.8 cm diameter and were light grey, whereas colonies on PDA reached up to 5.3 cm diameter and were brown with grey centers, with cottony mycelium and broad white rims. Mycelium consisted of smooth, hyaline, branched, septate hyphae 4-4.5 µm diameter. Conidiophores were erect, straight or curved, unbranched, medium brown and smooth. Conidia were solitary, pyriform, pale brown, smooth, granular, 2-septate, 32-33 × 9-10 μm; truncated with protruding hilum and varied in length from 1.0 to 1.5 μm and diameters from 2.0 to 2.2 μm. Both isolates were similar and identified as Pyricularia pennisetigena, according to morphological and morphometric characteristics (Klaubauf et al. 2014). Subsequently, genomic DNA was extracted from each isolate using the primers described in Klaubauf et al. (2014) to amplify and sequence the internal transcribed spacers (ITS), partial large subunit (LSU), partial RNA polymerase II large subunit gene (RPB1), partial actin gene (ACT), and partial calmodulin gene (CAL). Sequences from each isolate (YCeh55/ITCeh117) were deposited in GenBank with the following submission ID for ITS: MN947521/MN947526, RPB1: MN984710/MN984715, LSU: MN944829/MN944834, ACT: MN917177/MN917182, and CAL: MN984688/MN984693. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the software Beast v1.10.4. The results obtained from the concatenated matrix of the five loci placed these isolates in the P. pennisetigena clade. To confirm pathogenicity, each isolate was adjusted to 5×104 conidia/ml of sterile water and C. echinatus plants were sprayed with the conidial suspension for isolate YCeh55, ITCeh117 or sterile water using an oilless airbrush sprayer until runoff. The three treatments were kept in the greenhouse at 25-28°C and about 75% relative humidity under natural daylight. Each treatment included three to five inoculated plants and 10 leaves were evaluated per treatment. Symptoms were observed 8-15 days after inoculation and were similar to those originally observed in the field for both isolates, whereas the control plants remained asymptomatic. P. pennisetigena was re-isolated from the inoculated leaves fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf blight on C. echinatus caused by P. pennisetigena in Paraguay. The occurrence of P. pennisetigena in the region and its ability to infect economically important crops such as wheat and barley (Klaubauf et al. 2014; Reges et al., 2016, 2018) pose a potential threat to agriculture in Paraguay.

scholarly journals Identification of Fusarium commune, the Causal Agent of Postharvest Zinnia Meltdown Disease in Tennessee

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ravi Bika ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Management Recommendations

The cut flower growers of the eastern and southern United States are threatened with postharvest meltdown of zinnia (Zinnia elegans), which reduces yield and income as well as limiting opportunities for production expansion. Disease symptoms such as bending of the stem just below the flower were visually apparent on zinnia cut flowers. The objective of this study was to identify the causal agent related to zinnia meltdown. A total of 20 symptomatic zinnia cut flower stems were collected from Tennessee. Several Fusarium-like colonies with micro and macroconidia were isolated from the base and bend area of stems on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and Fusarium-selective media. Morphological characterization, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of three representative isolates, FBG2020_198, FBG2020_199, and FBG2020_201, were conducted to confirm pathogen identification. The sequence identity of the isolates was >99% identical to Fusarium commune, and a combined phylogenetic tree grouped the isolates with the clade of F. commune from different host and geographical locations. To accomplish Koch’s postulates, a pathogenicity test was performed on ‘Benary’s Giant Golden Yellow’, ‘Benary’s Giant Lime’, and ‘Benary’s Giant Pink’ zinnia plants at vegetative (2 weeks after transplantation) or flower bud stage (1 month after transplantation) by drench, stem injection, and foliar spray of conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/mL). Similar symptoms of meltdown (floral axis bending just below the flower) were observed on inoculated zinnia cultivars 2 days after harvesting. Fusarium commune was re-isolated from the infected flower stems of all three cultivars but not from the noninoculated zinnia flower stems. Zinnia stem colonization by F. commune was statistically similar in all three tested cultivars regardless of plant growth stage and method of inoculation. This study confirms F. commune as being the causal agent of postharvest zinnia flower meltdown issue in Tennessee. In the future, possible sources of pathogen will be screened, and disease management recommendations will be developed.

Host Preference and Seasonal Variation in The Colonization of Tubakia s.l. Associated with Evergreen Oak Species in Eastern Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMI MATSUMURA ◽  
Kenta Morinaga ◽  
Kenji Fukuda
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Eastern Japan

Abstract Foliar fungal endophytes are ubiquitous and hyperdiverse, and tend to be host-specific among dominant forest tree species. The genus Tubakia s.l. comprises foliar pathogens and endophytes that exhibit host preference for Quercus and other Fagaceae species. To clarify interspecific differences in ecological characteristics among Tubakia species, we examined the endophyte communities of seven evergreen Quercus spp. at three sites in eastern Japan during summer and winter. We also compared their spore germination rates at different temperatures. Host tree species was the most significant factor affecting endophyte community composition. The Tubakia species found at the study sites were divided into five specialists and three generalists according to their host ranges. Specialists were dominant on their own host in summer, and their dominance declined in winter. In contrast, generalist Tubakia species 3 became dominant in some tree species in winter. This seasonal variation in Tubakia species dominance was consistent with their cold tolerance, which was evaluated in spore germination tests. This is the first study to report ecological differentiation among endophytic fungal species within a genus.

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