Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Facial Rejuvenation

The interest in regenerative medicine is increasing, and it is a dynamically developing branch of aesthetic surgery. Biocompatible and autologous-derived products such as platelet-rich plasma or adult mesenchymal stem cells are often used for aesthetic purposes. Their application originates from wound healing and orthopaedics. Adipose-derived stem cells are a powerful agent in skin rejuvenation. They secrete growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines, stimulate tissue regeneration by promoting the secretion of extracellular proteins and secrete antioxidants that neutralize free radicals. In an office procedure, without cell incubation and counting, the obtained product is stromal vascular fraction, which consists of not only stem cells but also other numerous active cells such as pericytes, preadipocytes, immune cells, and extra-cellular matrix. Adipose-derived stem cells, when injected into dermis, improved skin density and overall skin appearance, and increased skin hydration and number of capillary vessels. The main limitation of mesenchymal stem cell transfers is the survival of the graft. The final outcomes are dependent on many factors, including the age of the patient, technique of fat tissue harvesting, technique of lipoaspirate preparation, and technique of fat graft injection. It is very difficult to compare available studies because of the differences and multitude of techniques used. Fat harvesting is associated with potentially life-threatening complications, such as massive bleeding, embolism, or clots. However, most of the side effects are mild and transient: primarily hematomas, oedema, and mild pain. Mesenchymal stem cells that do not proliferate when injected into dermis promote neoangiogenesis, that is why respectful caution should be taken in the case of oncologic patients. A longer clinical observation on a higher number of participants should be performed to develop reliable indications and guidelines for transferring ADSCs.

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Characteristics and Potentiality of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hASCs) Obtained from Enzymatic Digestion of Fat Graft

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8030282 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 282 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Pietro Gentile ◽

Maria Piccinno ◽

Claudio Calabrese

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Ex Vivo ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Enzymatic Digestion ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Fat Graft ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Differentiation Potential ◽

New Therapeutic Approaches

Human adipose-derived stem cells localize in the stromal-vascular portion, and can be ex vivo isolated using a combination of washing steps and enzymatic digestion. For this study, we undertook a histological evaluation of traditional fat graft compared with fat graft enriched with stromal vascular fraction cells isolated by the Celution™ system to assess the interactions between cells and adipose tissue before the breast injection. In addition, we reported on histological analyses of biopsies derived from fat grafted (traditional or enriched with SVFs) in the breast in order to assess the quality of the adipose tissue, fibrosis and vessels. The hASCs derived from enzymatic digestion were systematically characterized for growth features, phenotype and multi-potent differentiation potential. They fulfill the definition of mesenchymal stem cells, albeit with a higher neural phenotype profile. These cells also express genes that constitute the core circuitry of self-renewal such as OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and neurogenic lineage genes such as NEUROD1, PAX6 and SOX3. Such findings support the hypothesis that hASCs may have a potential usefulness in neurodegenerative conditions. These data can be helpful for the development of new therapeutic approaches in personalized medicine to assess safety and efficacy of the breast reconstruction.

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Differentiation of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Smooth Muscle Cells Is Modulated by CaMKIIγ

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2016/1267480 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kaisaier Aji ◽

Munila Maimaijiang ◽

Abudusaimi Aimaiti ◽

Mulati Rexiati ◽

Baihetiya Azhati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Smooth Muscle ◽

Protein Kinase ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Dependent Protein Kinase ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Dependent Protein ◽

Muscle Contractile

The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is known to participate in maintenance and switches of smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypes. However, which isoform of CaMKII is involved in differentiation of adult mesenchymal stem cells into contractile SMCs remains unclear. In the present study, we detectedγisoform of CaMKII in differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) into SMCs that resulted from treatment with TGF-β1 and BMP4 in combination for 7 days. The results showed that CaMKIIγincreased gradually during differentiation of hASCs as determined by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of CaMKIIγdecreased the protein levels and transcriptional levels of smooth muscle contractile markers (a-SMA, SM22a, calponin, and SM-MHC), while CaMKIIγoverexpression increases the transcriptional and protein levels of smooth muscle contractile markers. These results suggested thatγisoform of CaMKII plays a significant role in smooth muscle differentiation of hASCs.

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Regenerative Capacity of Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs), Comparison with Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20102523 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 2523 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Loubna Mazini ◽

Luc Rochette ◽

Mohamed Amine ◽

Gabriel Malka

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Cell Therapy ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Large Cell ◽

Great Promise ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Cell Sources

Adipose tissue is now on the top one of stem cell sources regarding its accessibility, abundance, and less painful collection procedure when compared to other sources. The adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) that it contains can be maintained and expanded in culture for long periods of time without losing their differentiation capacity, leading to large cell quantities being increasingly used in cell therapy purposes. Many reports showed that ADSCs-based cell therapy products demonstrated optimal efficacy and efficiency in some clinical indications for both autologous and allogeneic purposes, hence becoming considered as potential tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. In this review, we analyzed the therapeutic advancement of ADSCs in comparison to bone marrow (BM) and umbilical cord (UC)-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and designed the specific requirements to their best clinical practices and safety. Our analysis was focused on the ADSCs, rather than the whole stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell populations, to facilitate characterization that is related to their source of origins. Clinical outcomes improvement suggested that these cells hold great promise in stem cell-based therapies in neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and auto-immunes diseases.

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Systematic review: Advances of fat tissue engineering as bioactive scaffold, bioactive material, and source for adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in wound and scar treatment

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02397-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Pietro Gentile ◽

Aris Sterodimas ◽

Claudio Calabrese ◽

Simone Garcovich

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Fat Graft ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Bioactive Material ◽

Scar Treatment ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Fat tissue (FT) has been used for many years in regenerative surgery as a bioactive material through the lipofilling/fat graft (F-GRF)–nano-fat technique, as a bioactive scaffold when it was enriched with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) contained in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and as a direct source of AD-MSCs used in wound healing (WH) and scar treatment (ST). This systematic review aims to describe the advances in FT engineering applied to regenerative surgery (from bench to clinic), through the use of AD-MSCs, SVF contained in F-GRF in WH and ST. The work has been performed by assessing in the selected studies autologous graft of AD-MSCs, SVF, and F-GRF compared to any control for ST and WH. The protocol was developed following the Preferred Reporting for Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. A multistep search of the PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, PreMEDLINE, Ebase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Clinicaltrials.gov, Scopus database, and Cochrane databases has been performed to identify papers on AD-MSCs, SVF, and F-GRF use in WH and ST in which FT was used as bioactive material–scaffold and source of AD-MSCs. Of the 714 articles initially identified, 453 articles focusing on regenerative strategies in WH and ST were selected and, consequently, only 84 articles that apparently related to AD-MSC, SVF, and F-GRF were analyzed. Of these, 61 articles identified as pre-clinical, experimental, and in vitro, and 5 articles identified as a comment and systematic review were excluded. Only 18 original articles which strictly and exclusively focused on autologous AD-MSCs, SVF, and F-GRF in ST and WH were analyzed. The included studies had to match predetermined criteria according to the PICOS (patients, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study design) approach. The identified studies described microscopic and clinical outcomes in patients treated with AD-MSCs, SVF, and F-GRF. Collected data confirmed the safety and efficacy of FT both as bioactive material–scaffold and source of AD-MSCs in WH and ST without major side effects. Graphical abstract

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Injection of Autologous Mesenchymal Cells for the Treatment of Arthritis has so far been Found to be Completely Safe

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574888x16666210224145104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Chadwick Prodromos ◽

Tobias Rumschlag

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Stem Cell ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Fat Graft ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Background: Injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells [AMSCs] as stromal vascular fraction, culture expanded adipose derived stem cells, minimally manipulated fat graft, bone marrow aspirate or cultured bone marrow MSCs, for osteo- and inflammatory arthritis have shown good clinical efficacy in many studies. Questions have been raised as to their safety despite no evidence known to us that they are unsafe when used this way. We hypothesized that AMSC injections are completely safe for the treatment of arthritis. Methods: A PubMed literature search was performed to identify adverse events specifically related to the injection of autologous mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells into arthritic joints or intravenously. Results: 2,011 reported injections were found. No stem cell specific adverse events were identified. Specifically no infections, tumorigenesis, or chondrolysis from collagenase were found. Conclusions: Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of arthritis is completely safe with no stem cell specific adverse events yet documented, and no increased risk compared with other traditional treatments for arthritis.

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Derivation, characterization, and in vitro cell regeneration of canine white adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from a mesenteric region

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology ◽

10.1186/s41936-021-00222-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anirban Mandal ◽

Ajeet Kumar Jha ◽

Dew Biswas ◽

Shyamal Kanti Guha

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

White Adipose Tissue ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Cell Regeneration ◽

Wound Healing Assay ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background The study was conducted to assess the characterization, differentiation, and in vitro cell regeneration potential of canine mesenteric white adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs). The tissue was harvested through surgical incision and digested with collagenase to obtain a stromal vascular fraction. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the stromal vascular fraction were characterized through flow cytometry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Assessment of cell viability, in vitro cell regeneration, and cell senescence were carried out through MTT assay, wound healing assay, and β-galactosidase assay, respectively. To ascertain the trilineage differentiation potential, MSCs were stained with alizarin red for osteocytes, alcian blue for chondrocytes, and oil o red for adipocytes. In addition, differentiated cells were characterized through a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results We observed the elongated, spindle-shaped, and fibroblast-like appearance of cells after 72 h of initial culture. Flow cytometry results showed positive expression for CD44, CD90, and negative expression for CD45 surface markers. Population doubling time was found 18–24 h for up to the fourth passage and 30±0.5 h for the fifth passage. A wound-healing assay was used to determine cell migration rate which was found 136.9 ± 4.7 μm/h. We observed long-term in vitro cell proliferation resulted in MSC senescence. Furthermore, we also found that the isolated cells were capable of differentiating into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Conclusions Mesenteric white adipose tissue was found to be a potential source for isolation, characterization, and differentiation of MSCs. This study might be helpful for resolving the problems regarding the paucity of information concerning the basic biology of stem cells. The large-scale use of AD-MSCs might be a remedial measure in regenerative medicine.

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Tissue Harvesting Site Effect on the Canine Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction Quantity and Quality

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11020460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 460

Author(s):

Hanan Hendawy ◽

Akiko Uemura ◽

Danfu Ma ◽

Ryosuke Namiki ◽

Haney Samir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽

Site Effect ◽

Falciform Ligament ◽

Great Promise ◽

Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽

Trypan Blue Exclusion Test ◽

Clusters Of Differentiation

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) constitute a great promise for regenerative therapy, but these cells are difficultly recovered in large amounts. A potent alternative is the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), non-cultured MSCs, separated from adipose tissue (AT). We aim to evaluate AT harvesting site effect on the SVF cells’ quantity and quality in dogs. Subcutaneous abdominal fat, falciform ligament and peri-ovarian fat were sampled. After SVF isolation, the trypan blue exclusion test and a hemocytometer were used to assess the cell viability and cellular yield. SVF cells were labeled for four surface antigenic markers, clusters of differentiation CD90, CD44, CD29, and CD45, and then examined by flow cytometry. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to evaluate the gene expression of the former markers in addition to OCT-4 and CD34. SVF cells in the peri-ovarian AT recorded the highest viability% (99.63 ± 0.2%), as well as a significantly higher cellular yield (36.87 ± 19.6 × 106 viable cells/gm fat, p < 0.001) and a higher expression of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells AD-MSCs surface markers than that of other sites. SVF cells from the peri-ovarian site revealed a higher expression of MSC markers (CD90, CD44, and CD29) and OCT-4 compared to the other sites, with weak CD45 and CD34 expressions. The positive OCT-4 expression demonstrated the pluripotency of SVF cells isolated from different sites. To conclude, the harvesting site is a strong determinant of SVF cells’ quantity and quality, and the peri-ovarian site could be the best AT sampling site in dogs.

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