scholarly journals Coastal Typology: An Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Relationship between Socioeconomic Development and Shoreline Change

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Mack ◽  
Ethan Theuerkauf ◽  
Erin Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Over Time

Globally, coastal communities are impacted by hazards including storm events, rising water levels, and associated coastal erosion. These hazards destroy homes and infrastructure causing human and financial risks for communities. At the same time, the economic and governance capacity of these communities varies widely, impacting their ability to plan and adapt to hazards. In order to identify locations vulnerable to coastal hazards, knowledge of the physical coastal changes must be integrated with the socio-economic profiles of communities. To do this, we couple information about coastal erosion rates and economic data in communities along the Great Lakes to develop a typology that summarizes physical and economic vulnerability to coastal erosion. This typology classifies communities into one of four categories: (1) High physical and economic vulnerability to coastal erosion, (2) High physical but low economic vulnerability to coastal erosion, (3) Low physical and low economic vulnerability to coastal erosion, and (4) High economic but low physical vulnerability to coastal erosion. An analysis of this typology over three time periods (2005–2010), (2010–2014), and (2014–2018) reveals the dynamic nature of vulnerability over this fourteen year time span. Given this complexity, it can be difficult for managers and decision-makers to decide where to direct limited resources for coastal protection. Our typology provides an analytical tool to proactively address this challenge. Further, it advances existing work on coastal change and associated vulnerability in three ways. One, it implements a regional, analytical approach that moves beyond case study-oriented work and facilitates community analyses in a comparative context. Two, the typology provides an integrated assessment of vulnerability that considers economic vulnerability to coastal erosion, which is a contextual variable that compounds or helps mitigate vulnerability. Three, the typology facilitates community comparisons over time, which is important to identifying drivers of change in Great Lakes coastal communities over time and community efforts to mitigate and adapt to these hazards.

scholarly journals Resilience from coastal protection

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2053) ◽  
pp. 20140383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Coastal Community ◽  
Effective Community ◽  
Key Aspects

Coastal areas are important residential, commercial and industrial areas; but coastal hazards can pose significant threats to these areas. Shoreline/coastal protection elements, both built structures such as breakwaters, seawalls and revetments, as well as natural features such as beaches, reefs and wetlands, are regular features of a coastal community and are important for community safety and development. These protection structures provide a range of resilience to coastal communities. During and after disasters, they help to minimize damages and support recovery; during non-disaster times, the values from shoreline elements shift from the narrow focus on protection. Most coastal communities have limited land and resources and few can dedicate scarce resources solely for protection. Values from shore protection can and should expand to include environmental, economic and social/cultural values. This paper discusses the key aspects of shoreline protection that influence effective community resilience and protection from disasters. This paper also presents ways that the economic, environmental and social/cultural values of shore protection can be evaluated and quantified. It presents the Coastal Community Hazard Protection Resilience (CCHPR) Index for evaluating the resilience capacity to coastal communities from various protection schemes and demonstrates the use of this Index for an urban beach in San Francisco, CA, USA.

scholarly journals Rapid retreat of permafrost coastline observed with aerial drone photogrammetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1513-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Cunliffe ◽  
George Tanski ◽  
Boris Radosavljevic ◽  
William F. Palmer ◽  
Torsten Sachs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Short Term

Abstract. Permafrost landscapes are changing around the Arctic in response to climate warming, with coastal erosion being one of the most prominent and hazardous features. Using drone platforms, satellite images, and historic aerial photographs, we observed the rapid retreat of a permafrost coastline on Qikiqtaruk – Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. This coastline is adjacent to a gravel spit accommodating several culturally significant sites and is the logistical base for the Qikiqtaruk – Herschel Island Territorial Park operations. In this study we sought to (i) assess short-term coastal erosion dynamics over fine temporal resolution, (ii) evaluate short-term shoreline change in the context of long-term observations, and (iii) demonstrate the potential of low-cost lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles (“drones”) to inform coastline studies and management decisions. We resurveyed a 500 m permafrost coastal reach at high temporal frequency (seven surveys over 40 d in 2017). Intra-seasonal shoreline changes were related to meteorological and oceanographic variables to understand controls on intra-seasonal erosion patterns. To put our short-term observations into historical context, we combined our analysis of shoreline positions in 2016 and 2017 with historical observations from 1952, 1970, 2000, and 2011. In just the summer of 2017, we observed coastal retreat of 14.5 m, more than 6 times faster than the long-term average rate of 2.2±0.1 m a−1 (1952–2017). Coastline retreat rates exceeded 1.0±0.1 m d−1 over a single 4 d period. Over 40 d, we estimated removal of ca. 0.96 m3 m−1 d−1. These findings highlight the episodic nature of shoreline change and the important role of storm events, which are poorly understood along permafrost coastlines. We found drone surveys combined with image-based modelling yield fine spatial resolution and accurately geolocated observations that are highly suitable to observe intra-seasonal erosion dynamics in rapidly changing Arctic landscapes.

scholarly journals A Waterfront View of Coastal Hazards: Contextualizing Relationships among Geographic Exposure, Shoreline Type, and Hazard Concerns among Coastal Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven B. Scyphers ◽  
Michael W. Beck ◽  
Kelsi L. Furman ◽  
Judy Haner ◽  
Lauren I. Josephs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Living Shorelines ◽  
Ecological Objectives ◽  
Coastal Residents ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Coastal communities exist on the front lines of diverse natural hazards and the growing impacts of climate change. While traditional strategies for dealing with coastal hazards have often involved the hardening or armoring of shorelines, more recent research and practice have demonstrated the value and cost-effectiveness of “living shorelines” and other ecosystem-based strategies for coastal protection. To explore potential relationships among geographic exposure (waterfront vs. inland), shoreline condition (armored vs. natural), and hazard concerns, we surveyed 583 waterfront and inland residents in the northern Gulf of Mexico. We found that overall concern for coastal hazards was similar across waterfront and inland residents, as well as among residents with both armored and natural shorelines. However, concern for specific hazards differed across these groups. Waterfront residents were significantly more concerned about major hurricanes and erosion than inland residents. Conversely, inland residents were more concerned with drought and flooding than waterfront residents. Among waterfront residents, specific hazard concerns were similar between residents with natural and armored shorelines with two key exceptions. Residents with armored shorelines reported higher concern for erosion and sea level rise than residents with natural shorelines. Our results suggest that armored shorelines do not necessarily alleviate concerns about coastal hazards. In the context of balancing social and ecological objectives in addressing coastal hazards or adapting to climate change, understanding the perceptions and behaviors of coastal residents is essential for conserving and protecting coastal ecosystems along residential shorelines.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC PROCESSES DRIVING TIDAL RIVER ISLAND SHORELINE CHANGE

2018 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Alexandra Muscalus ◽  
Kevin Haas
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Wind Waves ◽  
Long Island ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Tidal River ◽  
Wetland Mitigation ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Hydrodynamic Processes ◽  
Civil War Era

Bird/Long Island is a dredge-spoil island located between the north and south channels near the inlet of the Savannah River at the border of Georgia and South Carolina. The island is in a tidally dominant environment and contains cultural and natural resources, including remnants of a Civil War era artillery battery. As a wetland mitigation bank, it is particularly important to the state of Georgia. However, these resources are under threat from documented and ongoing sea level rise, shoreline change (i.e., erosion and accretion) from natural and anthropogenic causes, and land subsidence. In addition to substantial tidal and freshwater flows, the island is subject to locally-generated wind waves primarily from northeast winds, as well as wake from the large container ships transiting to and from the Port of Savannah. A previous study examined the effects of wind and vessel-generated waves on shoreline retreat for the Fort Pulaski National Monument on nearby Cockspur Island (Houser, 2010). The study concluded that while the vessel-generated waves account for nearly 25% of the energy, the wind waves during storm events with increased water levels accounted for the majority of the marsh retreat. Although the proximity of this previous study site to Bird/Long Island is relevant, the different orientations of the islands and the narrowing of the channel create a different hydrodynamic environment. The present work uses field data to characterize the hydrodynamic processes affecting Bird/Long Island, which will improve modeling of its shoreline change.

scholarly journals Establishing Climate Change Resilience in the Great Lakes in Response to Flooding

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn E Gallagher ◽  
Ryan K Duncombe ◽  
Timothy M Steeves
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
High Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Freshwater Resource

Over the past decade, both the average rainfall and the frequency of high precipitation storm events in the Great Lakes Basin have been steadily increasing as a consequence of climate change. In this same period, cities and communities along the coasts are experiencing record high water levels and severe flooding events (ECC Canada et al. 2018). When cities are unprepared for these floods, the safety of communities and the water quality of the Great Lakes are jeopardized. For example, coastal flooding increases runoff pollution and contaminates the freshwater resource that 40 million people rely on for drinking water (Lyandres and Welch 2012, Roth 2016). Since the Great Lakes are shared between two nations, the United States and Canada, the region is protected by several international treaties and national compacts, including the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) and the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative (GLRI). In order to increase climate change resiliency against flooding in the region, we recommend the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work with Environment and Climate Change Canada to relocate the GLRI under the GLWQA in order to guarantee consistent funding and protection efforts. We additionally recommend expansion of both agreements in their scope and long-term commitments to engender cooperative efforts to protect the Great Lakes against climate change.

scholarly journals The utilisation of satellite imagery and community perceptions to assess the impacts of sea encroachment in the West Coast of Cameroon at Limbe

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-234
Author(s):  
Mabel Nechia Wantim ◽  
Wase Albright Mokosa ◽  
Louis Jitiz ◽  
Samuel Ndonwi Ayonghe
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Community Perception ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Physical Vulnerability ◽  
The West

Coastal erosion associated to sea encroachment is a major problem at the West Coast of Limbe, specifically in the Debundscha Fishing Port (DFP). This study sought to assess the physical vulnerability of the West Coast of Limbe to coastal erosion associated to sea encroachment. This was achieved by assessing: i) the physical vulnerability of the West Coast to coastal erosion; ii) land cover changes and iii) community perception at DFP to sea encroachment and coastal erosion in the past 30 years. Three variables: rock type, adjacent land use and coastal protection were used to assess the vulnerability of the West Coast to coastal erosion. Landcover / coastal changes were assessed from satellite images from 1986 to 2018. Semi-structural interviews were used to acquire knowledge on the population’s perception and impact of the studied hazards. A cost benefit approach was used to weigh the potentials of these localities to adapt to coastal erosion. The DFP and Idenau Beach were identified as major hotspots of coastal erosion with an annual rate of >100 m².  Landcover changes showed a net increase in water levels inland and into settlements. The population is knowledgeable and is aware of the risk of sea encroachment and coastal erosion. The physical, socio-economic and health effects were: destruction of mangroves;relocation; malaria, typhoid and abdominal illnesses respectively. Coping strategies included the use of sandbags, building on higher grounds and on embankments. Cost benefit analysis ranked vegetative cover as the best option environmentally and financially viable to reduce coastal erosion from sea encroachment at the West Coast. Key words: Sea encroachment, coastal erosion, physical vulnerability, perception, Debundscha Fishing Port

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF SHORELINE CHANGE IN COASTAL AREA OF SUBANG WEST JAVA INDONESIA FROM 2010 TO 2019 THROUGH SATELLITE IMAGERY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1166-1172
Author(s):  
O. Pattipawaej ◽  
◽  
G. Hardiyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
West Java ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Coastal Damage ◽  
Satellite Mapping

The condition of beaches in Indonesia is currently quite concerning. Indonesia's mangroves and coastal sand are in danger of being damaged. Commitment from all parties is needed to overcome coastal damage. If not, the negative impact will be dangerous for the existence of coastal communities. Damage to coastal is a serious threat to the surrounding ecosystem, even tends to harm humans. Not only waste carried by the flow into the sea, but also garbage disposed of around the coastal areas of the sea and poor land management are clearly some actions that can reduce the carrying capacity of the environment. This carriage a serious threat to the environment. The beach in Subang district, West Java has quite severe coastal damage. Analysis of shoreline changes is needed to overcome the damage to the coast. The method used to analyze shoreline changes is through satellite mapping using Google Earth. The results obtained from 10 years of coastline satellite mapping in Subang Regency are changes in coastline and area that occur due to erosion and/or accretion. These results will help to challenge erosion and/or accretion. The next step can be made a coastal protection in the form of mangrove plants or coastal protection structures.

scholarly journals The Socioeconomic Vulnerability of Coastal Communities to Abrasion In Samas, Bantul Regency, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Audi Karina Choirunnisa ◽  
Sri Rum Giyarsih
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Socioeconomic Vulnerability ◽  
Secondary Database ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Capacity Level ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Special Region

Abstract This research was conducted in Srigading and Gadingsari Villages, Samas District, Bantul Regency, the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Both of these villages were selected as the study area because of their high vulnerability to coastal erosion. This research aimed to analyse the physical, social, and economic vulnerability and the capacity of communities in both villages to deal with erosion in Samas Coast using primary and secondary database. According to the results of the physical and socioeconomic scenarios, Srigading has a high vulnerability level, whereas Gadingsari has a low vulnerability level. Meanwhile, the equal scenario results in the same spatial distribution of vulnerability as the aforementioned scenarios. This research also finds that the capacity, which was based on knowledge of coastal erosion and its risk reduction measures, is categorized as medium. This capacity level is shaped by the constantly improved preparedness as communities experience coastal erosions directly.

Measuring historical flooding and erosion in Goodnews Bay using datasets commonly available to Alaska communities

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
Richard Buzard ◽  
Christopher Maio ◽  
David Verbyla ◽  
Nicole Kinsman ◽  
Jacquelyn Overbeck
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Aerial Imagery ◽  
Coastal Hazards ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Digital Surface Model ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Gnss Measurements

Coastal hazards are of increasing concern to many of Alaska’s rural communities, yet quantitative assessments remain absent over much of the coast. To demonstrate how to fill this critical information gap, an erosion and flood analysis was conducted for Goodnews Bay using an assortment of datasets that are commonly available to Alaska coastal communities. Measurements made from orthorectified aerial imagery from 1957 to 2016 show the shoreline eroded 0 to 15.6 m at a rate that posed no immediate risk to current infrastructure. Storm surge flood risk was assessed using a combination of written accounts, photographs of storm impacts, GNSS measurements, hindcast weather models, and a digital surface model. Eight past storms caused minor to major flooding. Wave impact hour calculations showed that the record storm in 2011 doubled the typical annual wave impact hours. Areas at risk of erosion and flooding in Goodnews Bay were identified using publicly available datasets common to Alaska coastal communities; this work demonstrates that the data and tools exist to perform quantitative analyses of coastal hazards across Alaska.

VARIAÇÃO MORFOSSEDIMENTAR DO SETOR EXTREMO OESTE DA PRAIA DO ICARAÍ, CAUCAIA-CE

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-380
Author(s):  
Antônio Emanuel dos' Santos Silva ◽  
Matheus Silveira Pinheiro ◽  
Davis Pereira de Paula
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Dune System ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Methodological Procedures ◽  
Sociedad Civil

Ambientalmente as dunas frontais constituem estruturas verdes de proteção costeira contra o avanço do mar, em muitos casos, são responsáveis pela manutenção do equilíbrio sedimentar do sistema praia-duna, impedindo que processos como a erosão costeira e a inundação marinha se tornem danosos a sociedade civil e ao patrimônio construído. O objetivo deste estudo foi monitorar as variações morfológicas e sedimentares do sistema praia-duna entre os anos de 2016 e 2018, no trecho extremo oeste da Praia do Icaraí, através da determinação das taxas granulométricas, volumétricas e morfológicas do sistema praia-duna na Praia do Icaraí. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram divididos em três etapas principais: levantamento bibliográfico, geocartográfico e experimentos de campo. Considerou-se que as forçantes oceanográficas foram as principais responsáveis pela erosão e solapamento das dunas frontais presentes na área de estudo. Em linhas gerais, os resultados deste trabalho significam um importante instrumento de análise dos impactos das condicionantes oceanográficas e antrópicas sobre uma praia que sofre de erosão costeira acentuada. O estudo em um trecho mais preservado dessa praia indicou de forma direta os impactos sofridos em um litoral que vem passando por transformações contínuas em suas praias, como é o caso do litoral de Caucaia.Palavras-chave: Morfodinâmica; Sistema Praial; Dunas Frontais. ABSTRACTEnvironmentally the frontal dunes constitute green structures of coastal protection against the advance of the sea, in many cases, they are responsible for the maintenance of the sedimentary balance of the beach-dune system, preventing that processes such as coastal erosion and marine flooding become harmful to civil society and built heritage. The objective of this study was to monitor the morphological and sedimentary variations of the beach-dune system between the years 2016 and 2018, in the extreme west section of Icaraí Beach, by determining the granulometric, volumetric and morphological rates of the beach-dune system in Praia of Icaraí. The methodological procedures were divided into three main stages: bibliographic survey, geocartographic and field experiments. It was considered that the oceanographic forcings were the main responsible for the erosion and overlap of the frontal dunes present in the study area. In general terms, the results of this work represent an important instrument for analyzing the impacts of oceanographic and anthropogenic conditions on a beach that suffers from marked coastal erosion. The study in a more preserved stretch of this beach indicated in a direct way the impacts suffered on a coast that has undergone continuous transformations in its beaches, as is the case of the coast of Caucaia.Keywords: Morphodynamics; Praial System; Fore Dunes. RESUMENAmbientalmente, las dunas frontales son estructuras verdes de protección costera contra el avance del mar. En muchos casos, son responsables de mantener el equilibrio sedimentario del sistema de dunas de playa, evitando que procesos como la erosión costera y las inundaciones marinas dañen a la sociedad civil. y el patrimonio construido. El objetivo de este estudio fue monitorear las variaciones morfológicas y sedimentarias del sistema de dunas de playa entre 2016 y 2018, en el extremo occidental de Praia do Icaraí, determinando el tamaño de partícula, las tasas volumétricas y morfológicas del sistema de dunas de playa en Praia de Icaraí Los procedimientos metodológicos se dividieron en tres etapas principales: estudio bibliográfico, geocartográfico y experimentos de campo. El forzamiento oceanográfico se consideró el principal responsable de la erosión y el debilitamiento de las dunas frontales presentes en el área de estudio. En general, los resultados de este trabajo representan un instrumento importante para analizar los impactos de las condiciones oceanográficas y antropogénicas en una playa que sufre una severa erosión costera. El estudio en un tramo más preservado de esta playa indicó directamente los impactos sufridos en una costa que ha sufrido cambios continuos en sus playas, como es el caso de la costa de Caucaia.Palabras claves: Morfodinámica; Sistema de playa; Dunas frontales.

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