scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and the Neurovascular Unit

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Carmela Rinaldi ◽  
Luigi Donato ◽  
Simona Alibrandi ◽  
Concetta Scimone ◽  
Rosalia D’Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurovascular Unit ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Current State ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Single Cell Type ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

The neurovascular unit (NVU) is a relatively recent concept that clearly describes the relationship between brain cells and their blood vessels. The components of the NVU, comprising different types of cells, are so interrelated and associated with each other that they are considered as a single functioning unit. For this reason, even slight disturbances in the NVU could severely affect brain homeostasis and health. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress on the neurovascular unit and the role of a single cell type in the NVU crosstalk.

scholarly journals The role of astroglia in neuroprotection

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Constant Support ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Astrocytes are the main neural cell type responsible for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. They form highly organized anatomical domains that are interconnected into extensive networks. These features, along with the expression of a wide array of receptors, transporters, and ion channels, ideally position them to sense and dynamically modulate neuronal activity. Astrocytes cooperate with neurons on several levels, including neurotransmitter trafficking and recycling, ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, and defense against oxidative stress. The critical dependence of neurons upon their constant support confers astrocytes with intrinsic neuroprotective properties which are discussed here. Conversely, pathogenic stimuli may disturb astrocytic function, thus compromising neuronal functionality and viability. Using neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's disease, and hepatic encephalopathy as examples, we discuss how astrocytic defense mechanisms may be overwhelmed in pathological conditions, contributing to disease progression.

THE EFFECT OF EXECUTIVE INCENTIVES ON TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION OF DECLINING ENTERPRISES – THE MODERATING EFFECT OF DECLINE DEGREE AND ORGANISATIONAL SLACK

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAIYAN DUAN ◽  
KAMRAN AHMED ◽  
MARTHIN NANERE
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Executive Incentives ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Equity Incentive

We examine the effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining firms and the moderating effects of the degree of decline and organisational slack on executive incentives and enterprise technological innovation. We also assess the synergetic effects of different types of executive incentives on technological innovation of declining enterprises. We find the following: first, executive compensation incentive, equity incentive and control incentives are beneficial to promote technological innovation in declining enterprises. Second, the degree of decline negatively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation. Third, organisational slack positively moderates the relationship between equity incentive and technological innovation, as well as the relationship between control incentives and technological innovation, especially for severely declining enterprises. Fourth, there are synergistic effects between executive control incentive and compensation incentive, control incentives and equity incentive on technological innovation. The contributions are as follows: first, taking declining enterprises as sample, we suggest that to increase the role of compensation incentive and equity incentive in promoting technological innovation in declining enterprises, the control incentives should be strengthened. Second, organisational slack should be fully exploited for severely declining enterprises so that executives should have the motivation and conditions to carry out technological innovation and further help declining enterprises to turnaround successfully.

scholarly journals Are Tims hot and Toms not?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Hartung
Keyword(s):  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Functional Feature ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Gender Group ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Back Vowel ◽  
The Relationship

Sound symbolism – the idea that there are motivated links between the sound of a word and its meaning has been established to be an existing phenomenon across different languages. Especially size sound symbolism seems to be a functional feature in many languages meaning that different types of vowels in words are associated with different physical size. Words with front vowels (e.g. little, tiny) are more likely to be used to indicate small physical size whereas words with back vowels (e.g. humungous, huge) are more likely to indicate large physical size. Because physical size plays an important role in ratings of attractiveness, we tested whether vowels in first names can influence how attractive the bearer of the name is perceived. In our experiment, participants saw faces paired with popular first names and rated the attractiveness of the depicted person. Masculine names were paired with pictures of men and feminine names with pictures of women. The names either contained a front or back vowel in the accented syllable and were within gender group randomly paired with pictures. We found that female raters preferred faces paired with back vowel names while male raters preferred faces paired with front vowel names, showing that the rater's gender – far more than the gender of the depicted person – determined the relationship between vowel quality and perceived attractiveness of faces. Our results confirm the role of sound symbolism in perception of attractiveness.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MOTHER IN CHILDHOOD IN FORMING A WOMAN'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS HER OWN MOTHERHOOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (87) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Sidorenko ◽  
◽  
Natalia Grisenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of such an important psychological phenomenon as an attitude of women to their own motherhood. It is summarizes the study of the problem of motherhood in psychological science in general. The article analyzes the problem of the influence of the relationship with the mother in childhood on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood in adult age. It is illuminates views of foreign and national researchers on the study of this phenomenon, as well as the essence of different areas of research on this phenomenon. Based on the theoretical analysis of the literature on this topic, the concept of "motherhood", its content and psychological essence is studied. Cultural-historical, biological, physiological and psychological aspects to the study of motherhood are singled out. The main content of scientific views on the formation of the phenomenon of motherhood is generalized. The main factors influencing the development of a woman's maternal sphere and the formation of the attitude to one's own motherhood are analyzed and considered. The content of such basic concepts as "mother's image" and "maternal relations" is revealed. The psychological features of the formation of an adequate image of the mother in the theoretical analysis of the ontogenesis of the maternal sphere are analyzed. The article also reveals the dynamics of motherhood in ontogenesis. The types of maternal relations and their role in the life of a mature woman are determined, as well as the influence of these relations on the formation of a woman's attitude to her own motherhood. The influence of different types of relationships between women and their own mothers on the level of formation of their attitude to personal motherhood has been empirically studied. Two groups of women were studied, one group had a positive relationship with their own mother, and the other had a negative one. In the course of the research the differences between different types of maternal relations and the level of formation of a woman's personal attitude to motherhood are singled out.

scholarly journals Autophagy in endocrine tumors

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. R205-R218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Weckman ◽  
Fabio Rotondo ◽  
Antonio Di Ieva ◽  
Luis V Syro ◽  
Henriett Butz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Endocrine Tumors ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Tumor Survival ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intracellular Process

Autophagy is an important intracellular process involving the degradation of cytoplasmic components. It is involved in both physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. The role of autophagy in cancer is described as a ‘double-edged sword,’ a term that reflects its known participation in tumor suppression, tumor survival and tumor cell proliferation. Available research regarding autophagy in endocrine cancer supports this concept. Autophagy shows promise as a novel therapeutic target in different types of endocrine cancer, inhibiting or increasing treatment efficacy in a context- and cell-type-dependent manner. At present, however, there is very little research concerning autophagy in endocrine tumors. No research was reported connecting autophagy to some of the tumors of the endocrine glands such as the pancreas and ovary. This review aims to elucidate the roles of autophagy in different types of endocrine cancer and highlight the need for increased research in the field.

5. Finding Answers: Theories and How to Apply Them

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-158
Author(s):  
Sandra Halperin ◽  
Oliver Heath
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter shows how to develop an answer to a particular research question. It first considers the requirements and components of an answer to a research question before discussing the role of ‘theory’ in social science research, what a ‘theoretical framework’ is, and what a hypothesis is. It then explores the three components of a hypothesis: an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a proposition (a statement about the relationship between the variables). It also looks at the different types of hypotheses and how they guide various kinds of research. It also explains why conceptual and operational definitions of key terms are important and how they are formulated. Finally, it offers suggestions on how to answer normative questions.

The role of affect in practicing a musical instrument: A systematic review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 848-863
Author(s):  
Zofia Mazur ◽  
Mariola Laguna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Instrumental Learning ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Music Learning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Instrumental Practice ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Context Free

Affect impacts people’s cognitive processes as well as provides the energy to pursue goals and engage in actions. Research suggests that affect might influence instrumental learning behavior. This review aims to summarize the existing literature concerning the relationship between affect and instrumental practice. In order to determine the role of affect in undertaking instrumental practice and in engagement in practice, we conducted a systematic search via electronic databases and reference lists; we also hand-searched the key journals. Studies were included in the review if they concerned both affect and practicing behavior in musicians and instrumental students across all age groups and if the relationships between the two constructs were investigated. We focused on individual instrumental practice in the classical repertoire. Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria. They reported quantitative relationships between affect and the amount of practice or qualitatively described the role of affect in practice engagement. The results of this systematic review show that practicing a musical instrument is associated with different types of affect—practice-related, performance-related, and context-free affect. Further investigation of affect in the context of music learning may inform future interventions for instrumentalists motivating them to practice.

scholarly journals Targeting microRNAs as a Therapeutic Strategy to Reduce Oxidative Stress in Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Emanuela Grieco ◽  
Noemi Brusco ◽  
Giada Licata ◽  
Laura Nigi ◽  
Caterina Formichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Single Cell Type ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycaemia ◽  
Target Effects

Diabetes mellitus is a group of heterogeneous metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia as a consequence of pancreatic β cell loss and/or dysfunction, also caused by oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved inβ cell dysfunction and in response to oxidative stress are also regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of negative gene regulators, which modulate pathologic mechanisms occurring in diabetes and its complications. Although several pharmacological therapies specifically targeting miRNAs have already been developed and brought to the clinic, most previous miRNA-based drug delivery methods were unable to target a specific miRNA in a single cell type or tissue, leading to important off-target effects. In order to overcome these issues, aptamers and nanoparticles have been described as non-cytotoxic vehicles for miRNA-based drug delivery. These approaches could represent an innovative way to specifically target and modulate miRNAs involved in oxidative stress in diabetes and its complications. Therefore, the aims of this review are: (i) to report the role of miRNAs involved in oxidative stress in diabetes as promising therapeutic targets; (ii) to shed light onto the new delivery strategies developed to modulate the expression of miRNAs in diseases.

The Contingent Value of Political Connections on Donations to Chinese Foundations: Exploring the Moderating Role of Transparency

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-63
Author(s):  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Zhongsheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Existing studies assume that the value of political connections is homogeneous to different types of nonprofits and seldom consider their interplay with other accountability mechanisms. Based on a multilevel analysis of 2,085 foundations in China, this study builds and tests a theoretical framework of the contingent value of political connections to nonprofits, treating transparency as a moderator for the relationship between political connections and donations. Our findings suggest that while transparency is positively associated with the amount of donations obtained by foundations, political connections can help foundations obtain more donations only when their transparency score is higher than a certain threshold.

An experimental investigation of the role of different types of iconic gesture in communication

Gesture ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Beattie ◽  
Heather Shovelton
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Accuracy Score ◽  
Iconic Gesture ◽  
Reliable Effect ◽  
Fundamental Conception ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Original Story ◽  
The Relationship

Respondents, who had either seen or not seen a sample of the iconic gestures that encoders produce when narrating a story, answered questions about the original story and it was found that the overall accuracy score for respondents who saw the iconic gestures in addition to hearing the speech was 56.8% compared to 48.6% for speech only. This was a highly reliable effect and suggests that iconic gestures are indeed communicative. Character viewpoint gestures were also significantly more communicative than observer viewpoint gestures particularly about the semantic feature relative position, but the observer viewpoint gestures were effective at communicating information, particularly about the semantic features speed and shape. There were no significant correlations between the amount of information that gestures added to speech and the amount they conveyed in its absence, which suggests that the relationship between speech and gesture is not fixed but variable. The implications of this research for our fundamental conception of iconic gestures are considered.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document