scholarly journals The Effect of Varying Almond Shell Flour (ASF) Loading in Composites with Poly(Butylene Succinate (PBS) Matrix Compatibilized with Maleinized Linseed Oil (MLO)

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Liminana ◽  
Luis Quiles-Carrillo ◽  
Teodomiro Boronat ◽  
Rafael Balart ◽  
Nestor Montanes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Almond Shell ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Compatibilization Effect ◽  
Industrial Level

In this work poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites with varying loads of almond shell flour (ASF) in the 10–50 wt % were manufactured by extrusion and subsequent injection molding thus showing the feasibility of these combined manufacturing processes for composites up to 50 wt % ASF. A vegetable oil-derived compatibilizer, maleinized linseed oil (MLO), was used in PBS/ASF composites with a constant ASF to MLO (wt/wt) ratio of 10.0:1.5. Mechanical properties of PBS/ASF/MLO composites were obtained by standard tensile, hardness, and impact tests. The morphology of these composites was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy—FESEM) and the main thermal properties were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamical mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and thermogravimetry (TGA). As the ASF loading increased, a decrease in maximum tensile strength could be detected due to the presence of ASF filler and a plasticization effect provided by MLO which also provided a compatibilization effect due to the interaction of succinic anhydride polar groups contained in MLO with hydroxyl groups in both PBS (hydroxyl terminal groups) and ASF (hydroxyl groups in cellulose). FESEM study reveals a positive contribution of MLO to embed ASF particles into the PBS matrix, thus leading to balanced mechanical properties. Varying ASF loading on PBS composites represents an environmentally-friendly solution to broaden PBS uses at the industrial level while the use of MLO contributes to overcome or minimize the lack of interaction between the hydrophobic PBS matrix and the highly hydrophilic ASF filler.

scholarly journals Optimization of Maleinized Linseed Oil Loading as a Biobased Compatibilizer in Poly(Butylene Succinate) Composites with Almond Shell Flour

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Liminana ◽  
David Garcia-Sanoguera ◽  
Luis Quiles-Carrillo ◽  
Rafael Balart ◽  
Nestor Montanes
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Almond Shell ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Reactive Compatibilization ◽  
Plasticization Effect ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Compatibilizing Effect ◽  
Compatibilizer Agent ◽  
Scanning Electron

Green composites of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were manufactured with almond shell flour (ASF) by reactive compatibilization with maleinized linseed oil *MLO) by extrusion and subsequent injection molding. ASF was kept constant at 30 wt %, while the effect of different MLO loading on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphology properties was studied. Uncompatibilized PBS/ASF composites show a remarkable decrease in mechanical properties due to the nonexistent polymer‒filler interaction, as evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). MLO provides a plasticization effect on PBS/ASF composites but, in addition, acts as a compatibilizer agent since the maleic anhydride groups contained in MLO are likely to react with hydroxyl groups in both PBS end chains and ASF particles. This compatibilizing effect is observed by FESEM with a reduction of the gap between the filler particles and the surrounding PBS matrix. In addition, the Tg of PBS increases from −28 °C to −12 °C with an MLO content of 10 wt %, thus indicating compatibilization. MLO has been validated as an environmentally friendly additive to PBS/ASF composites to give materials with high environmental efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Sustainable Composites Based on a PHBV/PBAT Matrix Filled with Coffee Silverskin

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Sarasini ◽  
Francesca Luzi ◽  
Franco Dominici ◽  
Gianluca Maffei ◽  
Annalaura Iannone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Coffee Silverskin ◽  
Reinforcing Agent ◽  
Silane Modification ◽  
Compatibilization Effect

This work investigates the feasibility of using coffee silverskin (CSS), one of the most abundant coffee waste products, as a reinforcing agent in biopolymer-based composites. The effect of using two compatibilizers, a maleinized linseed oil (MLO) and a traditional silane (APTES, (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane), on mechanical and thermal behavior of sustainable composites based on a poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) PBAT/PHBV blend filled with coffee silverskin, in both the as-received state and after the extraction of antioxidants, was studied. Thermal (by differential scanning calorimetry), mechanical (by tensile testing), and morphological properties (by scanning electron microscopy) of injection molded biocomposites at three different weight contents (10, 20, and 30 wt %) were considered and discussed as a function of compatibilizer type. The effects of extraction procedure and silane treatment on surface properties of CSS were investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Obtained results confirmed that extracted CSS and silane-treated CSS provided the best combination of resistance properties and ductility, while MLO provided a limited compatibilization effect with CSS, due to the reduced amount of hydroxyl groups on CSS after extraction, suggesting that the effects of silane modification were more significant than the introduction of plasticizing agent.

Effects of Steam Heat and Dry Heat Sterilization on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nylon and Policarbonate in Fabrication with Fused Filament

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 150-163
Author(s):  
Jorge Mauricio Fuentes ◽  
Omar Flor Unda ◽  
Santiago Ferrandiz ◽  
Franyelit Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermal Tests ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Steam Heat

In this article presents evidence about performance of mechanical properties of polycarbonate and nylon materials, which are used in the additive manufacturing by deposition of molten material and that have been subjected to sterilization processes by moist heat at 121°C and dry heat at 140°C. This study provides useful information to consider the use of these materials in sanitary and sterile settings. Mechanical tests of tensile, flex, hardness, Izod impact, thermal tests in Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC, Thermomechanical analysis TMA and Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM were performed. It is concluded that the mechanical and thermal properties have not been altered through the effect of temperature in sterilization processes.

scholarly journals Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive Extrusion with Oligomers of Lactic Acid

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ivorra-Martinez ◽  
Jose Manuel-Mañogil ◽  
Teodomiro Boronat ◽  
Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher ◽  
Rafael Balart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Linear Thermal Expansion ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Almond Shell ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Filler Reinforcement ◽  
Lignocellulosic Filler

Eco-efficient Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) have been obtained using poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate) (PHBH) as the polymer matrix, and almond shell flour (ASF), a by-product from the agro-food industry, as filler/reinforcement. These WPCs were prepared with different amounts of lignocellulosic fillers (wt %), namely 10, 20 and 30. The mechanical characterization of these WPCs showed an important increase in their stiffness with increasing the wt % ASF content. In addition, lower tensile strength and impact strength were obtained. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study revealed the lack of continuity and poor adhesion among the PHBH-ASF interface. Even with the only addition of 10 wt % ASF, these green composites become highly brittle. Nevertheless, for real applications, the WPC with 30 wt % ASF is the most attracting material since it contributes to lowering the overall cost of the WPC and can be manufactured by injection moulding, but its properties are really compromised due to the lack of compatibility between the hydrophobic PHBH matrix and the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler. To minimize this phenomenon, 10 and 20 phr (weight parts of OLA-Oligomeric Lactic Acid per one hundred weight parts of PHBH) were added to PHBH/ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested poor plasticization effect of OLA on PHBH-ASF composites. Nevertheless, the most important property OLA can provide to PHBH/ASF composites is somewhat compatibilization since some mechanical ductile properties are improved with OLA addition. The study by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), confirmed the increase of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) with increasing OLA content. The dynamic mechanical characterization (DTMA), revealed higher storage modulus, E’, with increasing ASF. Moreover, DTMA results confirmed poor plasticization of OLA on PHBH-ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites, but interesting compatibilization effects.

scholarly journals Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Ramos ◽  
Franco Dominici ◽  
Francesca Luzi ◽  
Alfonso Jiménez ◽  
Maria Carmen Garrigós ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Almond Shell ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Lignocellulosic Filler ◽  
Shell Powder ◽  
Compatibilizing Effect ◽  
Scanning Electron

Polyester-based biocomposites containing INZEA F2® biopolymer and almond shell powder (ASP) at 10 and 25 wt % contents with and without two different compatibilizers, maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400®, were prepared by melt blending in an extruder, followed by injection molding. The effect of fine (125–250 m) and coarse (500–1000 m) milling sizes of ASP was also evaluated. An improvement in elastic modulus was observed with the addition of< both fine and coarse ASP at 25 wt %. The addition of maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400 produced some compatibilizing effect at low filler contents while biocomposites with a higher amount of ASP still presented some gaps at the interface by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Some decrease in thermal stability was shown which was related to the relatively low thermal stability and disintegration of the lignocellulosic filler. The added modifiers provided some enhanced thermal resistance to the final biocomposites. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis suggested the presence of two different polyesters in the polymer matrix, with one of them showing full disintegration after 28 and 90 days for biocomposites containing 25 and 10 wt %, respectively, under composting conditions. The developed biocomposites have been shown to be potential polyester-based matrices for use as compostable materials at high filler contents.

scholarly journals Influence of e-Beam Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(polyol Succinate-co-Butylene Succinate) Ester Elastomers

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3196
Author(s):  
Marta Piątek-Hnat ◽  
Kuba Bomba ◽  
Jakub Pęksiński ◽  
Agnieszka Kozłowska ◽  
Jacek G. Sośnicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Acid ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cross Link ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
Cross Link Density

The purpose of this research was synthesis and electron beam modification of novel ester elastomers consisting of sugar alcohol–succinic acid block and butylene glycol–succinic acid block. Four different alditols were used in the synthesis—sorbitol, erythritol, xylitol, and glycerol. The materials were irradiated with doses of 50, 100, and 150 kGy in order to determine which dose is the most beneficial. As expected, irradiation of the materials has led to the cross-link density becoming higher and improvement of the mechanical properties. Additionally, the materials were also sterilized in the process. The great advantage of elastomers described in the paper is the fact that they do not need chemical cross-linking agents or sensitizers in order to undergo radiation modification. The following tests were performed on cross-linked poly(polyol succinate-co-butylene succinate) elastomers: quasi-static tensile test, determination of cross-link density, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMTA), wettability (water contact angle), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In order to confirm successful synthesis, prepolymers were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR and 13C NMR).

scholarly journals Effect of Organosilane Coupling Agents on Thermal, Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Silicate-Filled Epoxy Molding Compound

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Rok Šinkovec ◽  
Branka Mušič
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Coupling Agents ◽  
Spiral Flow ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Molding Compound ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Flow Length

Global industries strive towards the production of materials with superior mechanical characteristics, and their development remains a big challenges. One of the more interesting materials that exhibit these properties are silicate-filled epoxy molding compounds (EMCs). A good interaction between silicate filler and epoxy matrix is generally needed to achieve advantageous mechanical properties, as well as the desirable rheological behavior of EMCs. Understanding the influence of different organosilane coupling agents on the rheological and mechanical properties of EMCs is essential in the development and optimization of the manufacturing process. For this matter, a mixture of calcium silicate and aluminosilicate was treated by using organosilane coupling agents with different chemical structures and thus treated silicates were applied as fillers in the EMCs. The thermal behavior of the organosilane-modified, silicate-filled EMCs was studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA). Flow-curing behavior (torque rheometer) and spiral flow length measurement (EMMI) were used to monitor the rheological properties and reactivity of the EMCs. The results showed that 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane- and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-treated filler had a greater influence on the tensile strength of hot-pressed test samples, while 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and a blend of primary and secondary aminosilanes had a more significant impact on the rheological behavior of the material.

Miscibility Study of Poly(Butylene Succinate) and Pine-Gum Blends

2017 ◽  
Vol 735 ◽  
pp. 148-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Chang ◽  
Roselyn Lata ◽  
David Rohindra
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Crystalline Polymer ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Pinus Caribaea ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Equilibrium Melting Temperature ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Solution Cast ◽  
Spherulite Morphology

Miscibility between poly (butylene succinate) [PBS], a semi-crystalline polymer with a natural gum extracted from the pine tree (Pinus Caribaea – Hondurensis), was investigated in solution cast blends using Differential Scanning Calorimetry [DSC] and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy [FTIR]. The spherulite morphology of PBS in the blends was observed with polarized optical microscopy [POM]. Depression in the equilibrium melting temperature of PBS in the blends was determined using the Hoffman-Weeks plot method. The depression in the crystallization temperature of the blends with increasing pine gum ratio and the emergence of extinction rings in the spherulites of the blends confirmed the blends to be miscible at the molecular level. Infrared spectroscopy indicated that interactions occurred between the hydroxyl groups of the pine-gum and the carbonyl group of PBS.

scholarly journals Recyclability Analysis of Starch Thermoplastic/Almond Shell Biocomposite

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1159
Author(s):  
Ana Ibáñez-García ◽  
Asunción Martínez-García ◽  
Santiago Ferrándiz-Bou
Keyword(s):  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Almond Shell ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Visual Properties ◽  
Shell Powder ◽  
Do So

This article is focused on studying the effect of the reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and aesthetic properties of a biocomposite. This process is based on starch thermoplastic polymer (TPS) filled with 20 wt% almond shell powder (ASP) and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) as a compatibilizing additive. To do so, the biocomposite was prepared in a twin-screw extruder, molded by injection, and characterized in terms of its mechanical, thermal, and visual properties (according to CieLab) and the melt flow index (MFI). The analyses carried out were tensile, flexural, Charpy impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effects of the reprocessing were also studied for the biodegradable unfilled TPS polymer. The results showed that TPS and TPS/ASP biocomposite suffer changes progressively on the properties studied after each reprocessing cycle. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of ASP intensified these effects regarding TPS. However, in spite of the progressive degradation in both cases, it is technically feasible to reprocess the material at least three times without needing to incorporate virgin material.

scholarly journals Study of the Effects of the Structure of Phthalazinone’s Side-Group on the Properties of the Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s Resins

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Bao ◽  
Fengfeng Zhang ◽  
Chenghao Wang ◽  
Yuanyuan Song ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis ◽  
Side Group ◽  
Aromatic Substitution ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Ether Ketone ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The application of poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s (PPEKs) resin containing phthalazinone moiety is limited, due to its poor thermoforming processability. To investigate the effects of the phthalazinone’s side-group on the thermal stability and processability of the resin, a series of PPEKs resins with different side-group (–H/–CH3/–Ph) were prepared by nucleophilic aromatic substitution polymerization. The properties of the obtained resins were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA), and rheogoniometer. The results show that the introduction of methyl or phenyl into the PPEKs resin, significantly reduced the melting viscosity of the resin, but resulted in a slight decrease in the thermal stability of it. This might be due to the presence of methyl or phenyl, which enhanced the free volume of the molecule and reduced the entanglement between the chains; the results of the computer simulation confirmed it. Moreover, the resin films displayed excellent tensile strength with the introduction of methyl or phenyl. In a word, a novel poly(phthalazinone ether ketone)s resin with thermal resistance, easy processing and excellent mechanical properties could be obtained by introducing appropriate bulk-rigid side-groups into the phthalazinone moiety.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document