scholarly journals The Effect of Soil Mineral Composition on the Compressive Strength of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Narloch ◽  
Piotr Woyciechowski ◽  
Jakub Kotowski ◽  
Ireneusz Gawriuczenkow ◽  
Emilia Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
Distribution Water

Cemented stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is a building material used to build load bearing walls from locally available soil. The article analyzes the influence of soil mineral composition on CSRE compressive strength. Compression tests of CSRE samples of various mineral compositions, but the same particle size distribution, water content, and cement content were conducted. Based on the compression strength results and analyzed SEM images, it was observed that even small changes in the mineral composition significantly affected the CSRE compressive strength. From the comparison of CSRE compressive strength result sets, one can draw general qualitative conclusions that montmorillonite lowered the compressive strength the most; beidellite also lowered it, but to a lesser extent. Kaolinite lightly increased the compressive strength.

EFFECTS OF REPLACING CEMENT BY DATE PALM TREES WASTES ON CONCRETE PERFORMANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Salah Edeen Nassef ◽  
Kalifa Hamed AlMuqbali ◽  
Sheikha Mahmood Al Naqabi
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Date Palm ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Tree Leaves ◽  
Concrete Compressive Strength ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Palm Trees

This paper was studying the effects of palm tree wastes on the behavior of the concrete to reduce cement content in the concrete to ensure a sustainable environment. Both fibers of palm tree and the ash of palm tree leaves are used in this study considering different percentages of palm tree wastes, which are replaced the cement, to investigate both of workability and strength of the concrete. Also, the combination of palm tree leaves ash and fibers of palm trees is investigated. The slump and compression tests are carried out to evaluate both workability and concrete strength. The palm fibers were reducing the workability of concrete at both of different percentage of replacement and different fiber lengths. The slump is reduced by 26.667% at 2 cm fibers length and it is completely lost at 5 cm length fibers at the same percentage of replacement of 5% of the cement content. The palm fibers were weakening concrete compressive strength at different percentages and different fiber lengths. Palm leaves ash was enhancing concrete workability and concrete compressive strength.

Influence of Curing Pressure on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Clay

2018 ◽  
Vol 928 ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuchit Uchaipichat
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Soft Clay ◽  
Peak Stress ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Soil Cement ◽  
Curing Pressure

The soil-cement columns are generally installed and cured in the soft clay layers under confining pressure. The strength of the soil-cement columns may be influenced by confining pressure during curing period. In this study, the main objective was to study the influence of curing pressure on unconfined compressive strength of cemented clay. A series of unconfined compression tests was performed on a cement admixed clay sample cured under pressure values of 0 kPa (atmospheric pressure), 25kPa, 50kPa and 100 kPa using a typical unconfined compression equipment. The test samples with values of cement content of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 percent were cured for 28 days.The stress-strain curves obtained from all tests show a peak value of stress. The unconfined compressive strength or peak stress obviously increased with increasing cement content for all curing pressure conditions. It can be observed that the strength of samples gradually increased with curing pressure for cement content of 0.5 percent. For cement contents of 1.0 and 2.0 percent, the strengths of samples cured under pressures of 25 kPa dramatically increased from the strength of samples cured without pressure (0 kPa), however, the strengths of samples for curing pressures of 25, 50 and 100 kPa were not clearly different.

Experimental Investigation on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Soils Admixed with Saturated GAC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1042 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Anuchit Uchaipichat
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Soil Cement ◽  
Proctor Test ◽  
Cemented Soils

This research investigated the compressive strength of cemented soils admixed with saturated granular activated carbon (GAC). The saturated GAC was obtained from the water filtration system. A series of unconfined compressive strength was performed on both compacted soil-cement specimens and compacted soil-GAC-cement specimens with GAC content of 30 percent. All specimens were prepared by compaction with energy equivalent to the modified Proctor test. The results from modified Proctor tests showed that the maximum dry unit weight and the optimum moisture content of soil-GAC sample was less than those of soil sample. From the unconfined compression tests, there was tiny development of strength for both types of specimens with cement content of 1 percent throughout the curing period of 28 days. For both types of specimens with cement content of 2 and 3 percent, the significant development of strength occurred after curing for 3 days. The strength of specimens typically increased with increasing cement content. Generally, the strength of compacted soil-GAC-cement specimens was less than that of compacted soil- cement specimens. It was also observed that the relationships between normalized compressive strength ratio and curing period was unique for the specimens with the same cement content.

scholarly journals Predicting Compressive Strength of Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Based on SEM Images Using Computer Vision and Deep Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (23) ◽  
pp. 5131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Narloch ◽  
Ahmad Hassanat ◽  
Ahmad S. Tarawneh ◽  
Hubert Anysz ◽  
Jakub Kotowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Image Database ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Current Testing ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Reasonable Prediction

Predicting the compressive strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) using current testing machines is time-consuming and costly and may harm the environment due to the samples’ waste. This paper presents an automatic method using computer vision and deep learning to solve the problem. For this purpose, a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) model is proposed, which was evaluated on a new in-house scanning electron microscope (SEM) image database containing 4284 images of materials with different compressive strengths. The experimental results show reasonable prediction results compared to other traditional methods, achieving 84% prediction accuracy and a small (1.5) oot Mean Square Error (RMSE). This indicates that the proposed method (with some enhancements) can be used in practice for predicting the compressive strength of CSRE samples.

scholarly journals Strength and Microstructural Assessment of Reconstituted and Stabilised Soft Soils with Varying Silt Contents

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Yaxu Liu ◽  
Zhuang Liu ◽  
Erwin Oh ◽  
Dominic Ek Leong Ong
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Triaxial Tests ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Soft Soils ◽  
Silt Content ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the strength of reconstituted and stabilised soft soils is very important in geotechnical engineering. The soil particles, such as clay, sand, and silt play important roles in determining the behaviour of soils. The behaviour of clay and sand particles are unique; however, the behaviour of silt particles lie in a transitional form between sand and clay. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate (a) the effect of silt contents on the strength of soft soils; (b) the effect of silt content on the strength of cement-stabilised soft soils; and (c) the microstructure of the soft soil specimens stabilised by cement with varying particle size distribution. A series of tests consisting in consolidated, isotropic undrained (CIU) triaxial tests, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were conducted in this study to achieve these objectives. In conclusion, the relationship between the silt content and critical state behaviour of soft soils (both clay and silt particles) are proposed. For the cement-stabilised specimens, the unconfined compressive strength increases with the increase in silt content when the cement content is 10%. However, the UCS decreases with the increase in silt content when cement content is 30%. With cement content ranging from 15–25%, the UCS increases at first with the increase of silt content but decreases once the silt content reaches a ‘saturation’ point.

scholarly journals Effect of compaction water content on the strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Beckett ◽  
Daniela Ciancio
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Intimate Link ◽  
Current Guidelines

Current guidelines suggest that stabilized rammed earth materials be compacted at their optimum water content to achieve their maximum strength. Although this is true for traditional rammed earth, there is no evidence that this procedure should also be used for cement-stabilized rammed earth. Furthermore, the water content used at compaction is usually difficult to control on a construction site, so that material might be compacted at water contents other than the optimum. In this paper, a novel experimental programme is presented in which the effect of compaction water content on the unconfined compressive strength of crushed limestone stabilized to 5% Portland cement content is investigated for a range of curing periods. Freeze drying of specimens was used to arrest cement hydration to determine the evolution of hydrated cement content. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to identify differences between the final material microstructures. Results are discussed demonstrating the intimate link between the amount of hydrated cement, material microstructure, and compressive strength.

scholarly journals The Influence Of Loam Type And Cement Content On The Compressive Strength Of Rammed Earth

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Narloch ◽  
P. Woyciechowski ◽  
P. Jęda
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Earth Material ◽  
American Standard

AbstractCurrently, a worldwide dynamic rise of interest in using soil as a construction material can be observed. This trend is evident in the rapid rise of the amount of standards that deal with soil techniques. In 2012 the number of standards was larger by one third than five years prior. To create a full standardization of the rammed earth technique it is necessary to take into account the diversity of used soil and stabilizing additives. The proportion of the components, the process of element production and the research methods must also be made uniform. The article describes the results of research on the compressive strength of rammed earth samples that differed from each other with regards to the type of loam used for the mixture and the amount of the stabilizer. The stabilizer used was Portland cement CEM I 42.5R. The research and the analysis of the results were based on foreign publications, the New Zealand standard NZS 4298:1998, the American Standard NMAC14.7.4 and archival Polish Standards from the 1960’s that dealt with earth material.

Sulfoaluminate Cements Composition and Properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 734-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.L. Kapustin ◽  
A.A. Ponomarenko ◽  
V.N. Oleinik
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Cement Paste ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Strength Class ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Cement Stone ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Kinetics Of

The chemical and mineral composition, physico-mechanical properties of sulfoaluminate cements of various classes of strength manufactured in China which are used in Russia to build and repair buildings and structures have been considered. It is shown that the sample sulfoaluminate cement depending on the strength class differ not only in chemical and mineral compositions, but also in their hydrophysical properties, kinetics of dissipation and hardening of cement, and hydration products. It is established that with the increasing strength class of the cement content it has calcium increases, the adhesion of the cement paste is slowed down, the duration of heat dissipation increases, the temperature dissipation is reduced, the hardening of the cement stone slows down.

scholarly journals Designing the Composition of Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth with the Association Analysis Application

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1390
Author(s):  
Wojciech Rogala ◽  
Hubert Anysz ◽  
Piotr Narloch
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Association Analysis ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Association Analyses ◽  
Structural Composite ◽  
Random Character ◽  
Analysis Application

The main advantage of the structural composite material known as cement-stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is that it can be formulated as a sustainable and cost-saving solution. The use of the aggregates collected very close to a construction site allows economizing on transportation costs. Another factor that makes sustainability higher and the costs lower is a small addition of cement to the CSRE in comparison to the regular concrete. However, the low cement content makes the compressive strength of this structural material sensitive to other factors. One of them is the composition of the aggregates. Considering the fact that they are obtained locally, without full laboratory control of their composition, achieving the required compressive strength of CSRE is a challenge. To assess the possibility of achieving a certain compressive strength of CSRE, based on its core properties, the innovative algorithm of designing CSRE is proposed. Based on 582 crash-test of CSRE samples of different composition and compaction levels, along with the use of association analysis, the spreadsheet application is created. Applying the algorithm and the spreadsheet, it is possible to design the composition of CSRE with high confidence of achieving the required compressive strength. The algorithm considers a random character of aggregates locally collected and proposes multiple possible ways of increasing the confidence. They are verified through innovatively applied association analyses in the enclosed spreadsheet.

Study Of Structure Formation Of Organic-Mineral Compositions With Fibrous Filler By Electron Microscopy Method

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Cement Stone ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Fibrous Filler ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Microscopy Method ◽  
Mineral Compositions

The article presents the study of processes of structure formation of cement stone and products of hardening of organic-mineral compositions with fibrous filler (shavings) by the electronic scanning microscopy method. It is established that the additive-free cement stone at the age of 28 days has a dense and homogeneous structure, consists of calcium hydro-silicates, Portlandite and calcite - newgrowths characteristic for cement systems. Cellulose fibers, which make up the bulk of the substance of shavings, are sufficiently active, which determines the high adhesion of the hydration products of the cement binder to their surface. It is shown that the introduction of shavings into the organo-mineral composition leads to inhibition of cement hydration processes. Organo-mineral compositions with different shavings content (two compositions) were analyzed. The first composition is characterized by a fairly dense structure, the cement stone consists of globular nanoscale nuclei of hydrosilicates, Portlandite and calcite. The second composition has a loose porous structure, cement stone consists of non-hydrated cement grains, newgrowths are represented by calcite and vaterite. The structure of the contact zone "osprey fiber-cement stone" in the organo-mineral composition of the first composition indicates a good adhesion of the filler surface with the phases of hydrated cement. The use of shavings as a fibrous filler (the first composition) increases the tensile and bending strength, as well as the wear resistance of organo-mineral compositions. The data obtained by scanning electron microscopy are confirmed by the results of studying the processes of structure formation of cement stone by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.

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