scholarly journals Effect of compaction water content on the strength of cement-stabilized rammed earth materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Beckett ◽  
Daniela Ciancio
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Hydrated Cement ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Intimate Link ◽  
Current Guidelines

Current guidelines suggest that stabilized rammed earth materials be compacted at their optimum water content to achieve their maximum strength. Although this is true for traditional rammed earth, there is no evidence that this procedure should also be used for cement-stabilized rammed earth. Furthermore, the water content used at compaction is usually difficult to control on a construction site, so that material might be compacted at water contents other than the optimum. In this paper, a novel experimental programme is presented in which the effect of compaction water content on the unconfined compressive strength of crushed limestone stabilized to 5% Portland cement content is investigated for a range of curing periods. Freeze drying of specimens was used to arrest cement hydration to determine the evolution of hydrated cement content. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was used to identify differences between the final material microstructures. Results are discussed demonstrating the intimate link between the amount of hydrated cement, material microstructure, and compressive strength.

scholarly journals The Effect of Soil Mineral Composition on the Compressive Strength of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Narloch ◽  
Piotr Woyciechowski ◽  
Jakub Kotowski ◽  
Ireneusz Gawriuczenkow ◽  
Emilia Wójcik
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Mineral Compositions ◽  
Strength Result ◽  
Distribution Water

Cemented stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is a building material used to build load bearing walls from locally available soil. The article analyzes the influence of soil mineral composition on CSRE compressive strength. Compression tests of CSRE samples of various mineral compositions, but the same particle size distribution, water content, and cement content were conducted. Based on the compression strength results and analyzed SEM images, it was observed that even small changes in the mineral composition significantly affected the CSRE compressive strength. From the comparison of CSRE compressive strength result sets, one can draw general qualitative conclusions that montmorillonite lowered the compressive strength the most; beidellite also lowered it, but to a lesser extent. Kaolinite lightly increased the compressive strength.

Characterization of a cemented sand with the pulse-velocity method

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahid Khan ◽  
Anwar Majid ◽  
Giovanni Cascante ◽  
D Jean Hutchinson ◽  
Parsa Pezeshkpour
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Strain Property ◽  
Cemented Sand

The effect of variation in cement content, initial water content, void ratio, and curing time on wave velocity (low-strain property) and unconfined compressive strength (large-strain property) of a cemented sand is examined in this paper. The measured pulse velocity is compared with predictions made using empirical and analytical models, which are mostly based on the published results of resonant column tests. All specimens are made by mixing silica sand and gypsum cement (2.5–20% by weight) and tested under atmospheric pressure. The wave velocity reaches a maximum at optimum water content, and it is mostly affected by the number of cemented contacts; whereas compressive strength is governed not only by the number of contacts but also by the strength of contacts. Experimental relationships are developed for wave velocity and unconfined compressive strength as functions of cement content and void ratio. Available empirical models underpredict the wave velocity (60% on average), likely because of the effect of microfractures induced by confinement during the testing. Wave velocity is found to be a good indicator of cement content and unconfined compressive strength for the conditions of this study.Key words: wave velocity, low-strain stiffness, cemented sands, elastic moduli, unconfined compressive strength.

Effects of Using Fine Quarry Waste as Cement Replacement Material on the Compressive Strength of the Mixture of Interlocking Block

2014 ◽  
Vol 1030-1032 ◽  
pp. 2348-2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasan Teerajetgul ◽  
Suppachai Sinthaworn
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Strength Ratio ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Compaction Test ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Optimum Water

The compressive strength of the sand-cement interlocking block mixtures were investigated by the method adapt from ASTM C 109. The cementitious to sand ratio of all mixtures were set at 1:2.75. Amount of water in the mixtures were 8% by weight of the solid as determined from optimum water content according to the compaction test (ASTM D698). In the mixtures, cement was replaced by fine quarry waste at the rate of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% by weight of the binder. The results show that the average density of the mixture is 2.30 ton/m3 while increasing percentage of fine quarry wastes to replace cement decreases the compressive strength of the mixture at all tested ages (i.e. 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days). Moreover, the compressive strength ratio, the proposed parameter in this paper, shows a close relationship between percentages replacement of fine quarry wastes and compressive strength at later age.

scholarly journals Significance of Stone Waste in Strength Improvement of Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Kiran Devi ◽  
Maninder Singh ◽  
Dharmender Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Optimum Water

The evolution of industries is essential for the economic growth of any country; however, this growth often comes with exploitation of natural resources and generation of wastes. The safe disposal and utilisation of industrial wastes has become essential for sustainable development. A possible approach would be to utilize these wastes in construction industries. The stone industry is one such flawed industries that generates waste in dust or slurry form; this leads harmful impacts on human beings, animals, and surrounding areas which, in turn, can lead to soil infertility. In the present study, stone waste was examined for its influence on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum water content (OMC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil experimentally. Stone waste was used at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by weight of soil and UCS tests were conducted at maturing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Test results reported that the incorporation of stone waste improved the compressive strength value significantly. Maximum dry density was enhanced; however, optimum water content was reduced with the use of stone waste in soil due to its fine particles. Linear regression equations were also derived for various properties.

Laboratory Study of Engineering Properties of Flowable Backfill Material

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2809-2812
Author(s):  
Zhang Hong ◽  
Guo Chao ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Zhi Qiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Cleavage Strength ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Content Range

Aimed at the common problems of small backfill space, hard to backfill, difficult to guarantee compaction quality in engineering, development law of fluidity and mechanical properties (unconfined compressive strength and cleavage strength) is analyzed by changing mix ratio of cement, fly ash and water. Fluidity is mainly controlled by water content. Range of fluidity is significantly different when water content is around 60％.Considering the effect of economy and strength, 4% cement content will be recommended.

Optimization of strength and homogeneity of deep mixing material by the determination of workability limit and optimum water content

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1034-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Szymkiewicz ◽  
Friede-Stéphanie Tamga ◽  
Alain Le Kouby ◽  
Philippe Reiffsteck
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Ground Improvement ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Deep Mixing ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Optimum Water

With ongoing development of the “deep mixing method”, the scope of applications is always widening. Once confined to ground improvement applications (i.e., to ensure stability and reduce settlements of structures on soft soils), use of this method now ranges from cut-off walls to structural elements and retaining walls. Indeed, the execution is easier, with limited excavated material, and costs less than traditional methods. With these new applications, the required hydraulic and mechanical properties of the soil-mixing material have also evolved, and numerous investigations on the hardened material have been carried out. However, properties of the material in a fresh state must be studied too, and particularly its workability because it is essential for continuity and homogeneity purposes. A laboratory program was carried out to determine the workability evolution of the material with increase of cement content. Results show that the material’s workability limit varies greatly with cement content, and that at constant dosage the clay content still controls the evolution of the material liquid limit. Also, this paper shows a method to determine the optimum water content for the deep mixing material, meaning that instructions can be given on site to ensure that optimum mechanical characteristics are reached.

scholarly journals Measuring Compressive Strength Characteristics of Soil-Dobak-Glue Mixtures over Curing Time

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Myeonghwan Kim ◽  
Seongjun Eom
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Standard Specimen ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Soil Mixing ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Optimum Water

The building materials used by mankind in the past, such as stone, soil, and wood, have been environment-friendly. However, the various building materials invented over time with the development of the industrial age pose problems such as environmental hormone generation and waste generation/disposal. To overcome these problems, building materials based on soil, a traditional building material, are being developed by researchers. However, the improvement in soil’s structural characteristics is insufficient as it excessively emphasizes efficacy and function only. In this study, lime and Dobak-glue were mixed with soil to solve the structural problems and improve the strength of soil, and water content and change in strength in accordance with curing time were tested. In order to understand the change in strength, a compaction test was performed by preparing a standard specimen based on the optimum water content and maximum dry density. The lime mix required optimum water content and quantity of lime equal to 3% of soil weight, while the Dobak-glue mix was prepared by soil mixing in the same weight ratio as optimum water content. Changes in water content and compressive strength were measured over curing time of 3, 7, and 28 days. Three specimens, lime mixed specimen, Dobak-glue mixed specimen, and standard specimen, were prepared, and their water content and compressive strength values were averaged. Although the change in water content according to the curing period differed depending on the material mixed with soil, there was no significant difference between 7.12% and 2.82% after 7 days. As for the change in compressive strength, the initial compressive strength in lime mixed specimen was excellent, but the Dobak-glue mixed specimen displayed the greatest strength after 7 days. To conclude, Dobak-glue is an eco-friendly material, and it can be very useful in compensating for the structural shortcomings of soil.

scholarly journals The Influence Of Loam Type And Cement Content On The Compressive Strength Of Rammed Earth

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Narloch ◽  
P. Woyciechowski ◽  
P. Jęda
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Earth Material ◽  
American Standard

AbstractCurrently, a worldwide dynamic rise of interest in using soil as a construction material can be observed. This trend is evident in the rapid rise of the amount of standards that deal with soil techniques. In 2012 the number of standards was larger by one third than five years prior. To create a full standardization of the rammed earth technique it is necessary to take into account the diversity of used soil and stabilizing additives. The proportion of the components, the process of element production and the research methods must also be made uniform. The article describes the results of research on the compressive strength of rammed earth samples that differed from each other with regards to the type of loam used for the mixture and the amount of the stabilizer. The stabilizer used was Portland cement CEM I 42.5R. The research and the analysis of the results were based on foreign publications, the New Zealand standard NZS 4298:1998, the American Standard NMAC14.7.4 and archival Polish Standards from the 1960’s that dealt with earth material.

scholarly journals Significance of Stone Waste in Strength Improvement of Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Kiran Devi ◽  
Maninder Singh ◽  
Dharmender Kumar Soni
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Optimum Water Content ◽  
Optimum Water

The evolution of industries is essential for the economic growth of any country; however, this growth often comes with exploitation of natural resources and generation of wastes. The safe disposal and utilisation of industrial wastes has become essential for sustainable development. A possible approach would be to utilize these wastes in construction industries. The stone industry is one such flawed industries that generates waste in dust or slurry form; this leads harmful impacts on human beings, animals, and surrounding areas which, in turn, can lead to soil infertility. In the present study, stone waste was examined for its influence on maximum dry density (MDD), optimum water content (OMC) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of soil experimentally. Stone waste was used at 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% by weight of soil and UCS tests were conducted at maturing periods of 7, 14 and 21 days. Test results reported that the incorporation of stone waste improved the compressive strength value significantly. Maximum dry density was enhanced; however, optimum water content was reduced with the use of stone waste in soil due to its fine particles. Linear regression equations were also derived for various properties.

scholarly journals Influence of packing and dispersion of particles on the cement content of concretes

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 998-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. DAMINELI ◽  
R. G. PILEGGI ◽  
V. M. JOHN
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Fluid Content ◽  
Lower Fluid ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Due to environmental issues, the concrete chain seeks to reduce CO2 emissions. However, growing demand from developing countries causes the increase of CO2 emissions in production to exceed decreases generated by industrial actions, such as improving kilns and clinker replacement. New strategies are important. Changes in the concrete formulation, making it more efficient, can help if these changes produce concrete with the same performance and lower cement consumption. In this regard, the improvement of packing and dispersion of particles increases this efficiency. The better the packing, the lower the volume of voids between particles, thereby requiring lower fluid content (water) to permit flow. The dispersion of the particles also decreases the water content for the same fluidity. The less the water content, the smaller the water/cement (w/c) ratio, and the greater the resistance. Thus, both strategies increase the efficiency by uncoupling obtaining fluidity from the water content. This study investigated the influence of packing and dispersion on the efficiency of cement use in concrete. The increase of packing and the complete dispersion of fine particles has been shown to improve efficiency, as measured by the ratio between binder consumption and compressive strength (the performance parameter used in most practical applications).

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