scholarly journals Preparation of Composite Monolith Supercapacitor Electrode Made from Textile-Grade Polyacrylonitrile Fibers and Phenolic Resin

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 655
Author(s):  
Karim Nabil ◽  
Nabil Abdelmonem ◽  
Masanobu Nogami ◽  
Ibrahim Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Capacitive Properties

In this work a composite monolith was prepared from widely available and cost effective raw materials, textile-grade polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers and phenolic resin. Two activation procedures (physical and chemical) were used to increase the surface area of the produced carbon electrode. Characterization of the thermally stabilized fibers produced was made using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen(CHN) elemental analysis, in order to choose the optimum conditions of producing the stabilized fibers. Characterization of the produced composite monolith electrode was performed using physical adsorption of nitrogen at 77 °K, cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrical resistivity in order to evaluate its performance. All the electrodes prepared had a mixture of micropores and mesopores. Pressing the green monolith during the curing process was found to reduce largely the specific surface area and to some degree the electrical resistivity of the chemically activated composite electrode. Physical activation was more suitable than chemical activation, where it resulted in an electrode with specific capacity 29 F/g, good capacitive behavior and the stability of the electrical resistivity over the temperature range −130 to 80 °C. Chemical activation resulted in a very poor electrode with resistive rather than capacitive properties.

scholarly journals Karakteristik luas permukaan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Mahmud Sudibandriyo ◽  
L Lydia
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Characterization Of Activated Carbon

Surface area characterization of activated carbon from sugarcane baggase by chemical activationAdsorption is one the process with many applications in the industries such as in a separation or in gas storage. In this adsorption, adsorbent selection is the most important thing. One of the adsorbent most suitable for this process is activated carbon. Previous studies show that high surface area of activated carbon can be produced from sugarcane bagasse using activator ZnCl2. The research’s goal is to produce activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse and determine the effects of activator on the surface area of activated carbon produced. Activators used in this research are KOH and ZnCl2 with the mass ratio of activator/carbon are 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1. The results show that The highest surface area, 938,2 m2/g, is obtained by activation using KOH with mass ratio of activator/carbon 3/1, whereas the highest surface area by activation using ZnCl2 is 632 m2/g with mass ratio of activator/carbon 2/1. For comparison, preparation of activated carbon by physical activation is also done and the surface area is 293 m2/g.Keywords: Activated carbon, chemical activation, sugarcane bagasse, KOH, ZnCl2 Abstrak Adsorpsi merupakan salah satu proses yang banyak digunakan dalam industri baik dalam pemisahan maupun untuk penyimpanan gas. Pada proses adsorpsi ini, pemilihan adsorben merupakan hal yang sangat penting. Salah satu jenis adsorben yang sangat cocok untuk proses ini adalah karbon aktif. Penelusuran studi sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif dengan luas permukaan yang cukup tinggi dapat dibuat dari ampas tebu dengan menggunakan aktivator ZnCl2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan karbon aktif dari ampas tebu dengan aktivasi kimia serta mengetahui pengaruh aktivator terhadap luas permukaan karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Aktivator yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa karbon 1/1, 2/1, dan 3/1. Aktivasi dilakukan pada temperatur 700 oC selama 1 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 938,2 m2/g diperoleh dengan aktivasi menggunakan KOH dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 3/1, sedangkan aktivasi dengan menggunakan ZnCl2 diperoleh luas permukaan tertinggi sebesar 632 m2/g dengan rasio massa aktivator/massa arang 2/1. Sebagai pembanding, pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan pembuatan karbon aktif dengan metode aktivasi fisika dan diperoleh luas permukaan karbon aktif sebesar 293 m2/g.Kata kunci: Aktivasi kimia, ampas tebu, karbon aktif, KOH, ZnCl2

scholarly journals Utilization of crown pineapple waste as raw material preparation of activated carbon as adsorbent in natural gas storage

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 02018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliusman ◽  
Nasruddin ◽  
H I Naf’an ◽  
J Sinto ◽  
Y W Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Natural Gas Storage

Activated carbon used as natural gas storage in adsorbed natural gas technology due to physical adsorption properties. Pineapple crown was used as raw material for activated carbon by reason of high lignocellulose content. The purpose of this study is to produce high surface area of activated carbon with high carbon composition (up to 80% weight). Activated carbon were prepared through chemical activation using KOH with various weight ratio and physical activation using N2 with 150 ml/min flowrate. Carbonization of pineapple crown is done at 350°C followed by chemical activation with KOH activator and physical activation. The result of iod number indicate the 1:1 weight KOH ratio gave the highest iod number 1337 mg/mg and 1190.799 m2/g surface area achieved by chemical-physical activation.

scholarly journals Valorization of Waste Tires by Pyrolysis and Activation Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6342
Author(s):  
Reyna Berenice González-González ◽  
Nadia Ruiz-Gómez ◽  
Gloria Gea ◽  
Matias Vazquez-Pinon ◽  
Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Energy Storage Applications

The problems related to the increase in the generation of discarded tires demonstrate the need for profitable, efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable processes for their waste management. In particular, the valorization of pyrolytic solids for energy storage applications is of interest. In this study, four processes were performed: (1) pyrolysis; (2) chemical activation and pyrolysis; (3) pyrolysis and physical activation; and (4) chemical activation, pyrolysis, and physical activation. The process consisting of chemical activation, pyrolysis, and physical activation yielded 52% solid material with the highest electrical conductivity (2.43 Ω–1 cm–1) and a surface area of 339 m2/g with an average pore size of 3.6 nm. In addition, it was found that pore size had a greater effect on the conductivity than surface area. Liquid and gas fraction compositions were modified by the presence of chemical activation: aromatization reactions were favored, and limonene was not observed in the liquid fraction, while an increase on the CH4 concentration caused an increment in the heating value of the gas fraction. It was demonstrated that chemical and physical activation enhance the properties of the pyrolytic solid product derived from waste tires that make it suitable for the partial substitution of materials for electric energy storage applications.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION AND ACTIVATION OF NATURAL ZEOLIT FROM PONOROGO

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Heraldy ◽  
Hisyam SW ◽  
Sulistiyono Sulistiyono
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Surface Area Ratio ◽  
Metal Composition ◽  
Acidic Sites

Characterization and activation of Natural Zeolite from Ponorogo (ZAP) have been done to improve the quality of zeolite as porous material. Analysis of mineral composition is done using X-Ray Difraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy and metal analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Characterization of the activated zeolite covered about number of acidic sites, surface area, ratio Si/Al and metal composition (Na, Ca, K and Fe). Activated processes is done using various mineral acid, i.e HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and HPO4 with each concentration at 1 M and 3 3 hours dipping. The result showed that ZAP has composition Ca-klinoptilolit (43.09 %), gismondin (17.57 %), modernit (4.21 %) and quartz (10.37 %). The most efectif of the acid to activate is HCl and is proved to absorp of Zn in waste water. The effect of chemical activation is increasing the ratio of Si/Al, increasing the surface area and reducing some metal composition.   Keywords: natural zeolite, chemical activation, porous material

AKTIVASI KIMIA-FISIK LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN MENJADI KARBON AKTIF

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98
Author(s):  
Andy Mizwar
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Impregnation Time ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Limbah rotan dari industri kerajinan dan mebel berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan karbon aktif karena memiliki kandungan holoselulosa dan kadar karbon yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektifitas dari aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan natrium klorida (NaCl) yang dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi fisik dalam pembuatan karbon aktif berbahan dasar  limbah serutan rotan. Pembuatan karbon aktif diawali dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 250°C selama 1 jam. Selanjutnya aktivasi kimia menggunakan larutan NaCl dengan variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20% serta waktu perendaman selama 10, 15 dan 20 jam. Aktivasi fisik dilakukan dengan pembakaran pada suhu 700°C selama 30 menit. Analisis karakteristik fisik-kimia karbon aktif mengacu pada SNI 06-3730-95, meliputi kadar air, fixed carbon, dan iodine number, sedangkan perhitungan luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dilakukan dengan Metode Sears. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum aktivasi kimia terjadi pada konsentrasi NaCl 10% dan lama perendaman 10 jam dengan hasil analisis kadar air 2.90%, fixed carbon 72.70%, iodine number 994.59 mg/g dan luas permukaan 1587.67 m²/g. Peningkatan fixed carbon, iodine number dan luas permukaan karbon aktif berbanding terbalik dengan peningkatan konsentrasi NaCl dan lama waktu perendaman, sedangkan peningkatan kadar air pada karbon aktif berlaku sebaliknya. Rattan waste from handicraft and furniture industry could potentially be used as raw material of activated carbon due to high content of holoselulosa and carbon. This paper investigates the effectiveness of chemical activation using sodium chloride (NaCl) followed by physical activation in the making of activated carbon-based on rattan shavings waste. Preparation of the activated carbon began with the carbonization process at 250°C for 1 hour. Furthermore chemical activation using a variation of NaCl concentrations 10%, 15% and 20% as well as the time of immersion 10, 15 and 20 hours. Physical activation was done by burning at 700°C for 30 minutes. Analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the activated carbon was referred to the SNI 06-3730-95, including of moisture content, fixed carbon and iodine number, while the calculation of the specific surface area was done by the Sears’s method. The results of this study showed that the optimum conditions of chemical activation occurred in impregnation by NaCl 10% for 10 hours. The water content, fixed carbon, iodine number and surface area of activated carbon was 2.90%, 72.70%, 994.59 mg/g and 1587.67 m²/g  respectively. The increase values of fixed carbon, iodine number, and surface area was inversely proportional to the increase of NaCl concentration and the length of impregnation time, while the increase of water content applied vice versa.

Comparison on the Characteristics of Bio-Based Porous Carbons by Physical and Novel Chemical Activation

2014 ◽  
Vol 554 ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibril Mohammed ◽  
Noor Shawal Nasri ◽  
Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini ◽  
Usman Hamza Dadum ◽  
Murtala Musa Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Potassium Acetate ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Porous Carbons ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Agricultural Materials

There is significantly abundant portion of waste agricultural materials in the world serving as environmental challenge, however, they could be converted into useful value added products like activated carbon. Coconut shell based carbons were synthesized using physical activation by CO2 and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide and potassium acetate. The BET surface areas and pore volumes are 361m2/g and 0.19cm3/g for physical activation, 1353m2/g and 0.61cm3/g for activation with KOH and 622m2/g and 0.31cm3/g for potassium acetate activated carbon. From the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, hydroxyls, alkenes and carbonyl functional groups were identified with more prominence on the chemically activated porous carbons. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed occurrence of moisture pyrolysis at 105°C, the pyrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose occurred at 160–390°C and lignin at (390-650°C). Carbonization at 700°C and 2hrs had highest yield of 32%. Physical activation yielded lower surface area with approximately 88% micropores. On the other hand, chemically activation yielded higher surface area with elevated mesopores. The porous carbons can be applied to salvage pollution challenges.

scholarly journals The Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon Electrodes from Pineapple Leaf Fibers for Supercapacitor Application

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Agustino Agustino ◽  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Erman Taer
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Average Pore Radius ◽  
Supercapacitor Application

Elektroda karbon aktif berbasis serat daun nanas (SDN) telah berhasil diproduksi dengan proses tiga langkah berikut ini, yaitu: (i) aktivasi kimia, (ii) karbonisasi, dan (iii) aktivasi fisika. Aktivasi kimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen pengaktif KOH dengan konsetrasi 0,3 M. Karbonisasi dilakukan dalam lingkungan gas N2 pada temperatur 600oC dan diikuti oleh aktivasi fisika pada temperatur 850oC menggunakan gas CO2 selama 2,5 jam. Luas permukaan spesifik elektroda 512,211 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori sebesar 0,093 cm3×g–1, dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,199 nm. Morfologi permukaan elektroda karbon aktif menunjukkan adanya serat karbon dengan diameter serat dalam kisaran 101 - 185 nm dan memliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 84,33%. Elektroda karbon aktif memiliki struktur amorf, yang ditunjukkan oleh dua puncak difraksi yang lebar pada sudut hamburan 24,64 dan 43,77o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Kapasitansi spesifik, energi spesifik dan daya spesifik sel superkapasitor yang dihasilkan masing-masing sebesar 110 F×g-1, 15,28 Wh×kg-1 dan 36,69 W×kg-1. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) based activated carbon electrode has been successfully produced using three-step process, i.e. (i) chemical activation, (ii) carbonization, and (iii) physical activation. The chemical activation was carried out using KOH activating agent with a concentration of 0.3 M. The carbonization process is conducted out in N2 gas environment at 600oC and followed by physical activation at a temperature of 850oC by using CO2 gas for 2.5 h. The specific surface area of the electrode is 512.211 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume of 0.093 cm3×g-1, and average pore radius of 1.199 nm. The surface morphology of the electrode shown the carbon fibers with diameter in the range of 101 - 185 nm and carbon content with 84.33% of atomic mass. The activated carbon electrode has an amorphous structure, which is shown by two wide diffraction peaks at scattering angles of 24.64 and 43.77o which correspond to the plane (002) and (100), respectively. The specific capacitance, energy and power of the electrode are 110 F×g-1, 15.28 Wh×kg-1 and 36.69 W×kg-1, respectively.Keywords: Serat daun nanas, Kalium hidroksida, Elektroda karbon aktif, Kapasitansi spesifik, Superkapasitor 

scholarly journals Activated Carbons (AC) Prepared by Direct CO2 Activation of Parsea Americana seeds Biomass for Supercapacitor Electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2049 (1) ◽  
pp. 012067
Author(s):  
Rakhmawati Farma ◽  
Ramadani Putri Anakis ◽  
Irma Apriyani
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Co2 Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cyclic Voltametry ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Biomass converted into activated carbon (AC) by using physical activation method can form micro-meso pore structure and maintain the interconnected natural pore network of biomass. AC is prepared from the biomass of Parsea Americana seeds (PAS) through a process of pre-carbonization, chemical activation, carbonization and physical activation which is activated at temperatures of 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. Characterization of physical properties of AC electrodes consisted of X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray and characterization of electrochemical properties of supercapacitor cells using Cyclic Voltametry. The results showed that the microstructure of the AC electrode has a semicrystalline structure characterized by the presence of two sloping peaks at an angle of 2θ around 24° and 44° which corresponded to the hkl (002) and (100) planes, where the lowest Lc value was produced by the PAS-900 sample. The PAS-900 sample had aggregates or lumps with smaller size in small amounts in the presence of micro-mesopores and had the highest carbon content of 94.50% with the highest capacitance value of 203.12 F/g. The temperature of 900°C is the best activation temperature in the process of manufacture AC electrodes from Parsea Americana seeds biomass for supercapacitor cell applications.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Maciej Klein ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Justyna Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

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