scholarly journals Feature Importance of Stabilised Rammed Earth Components Affecting the Compressive Strength Calculated with Explainable Artificial Intelligence Tools

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Anysz ◽  
Łukasz Brzozowski ◽  
Wojciech Kretowicz ◽  
Piotr Narloch
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Cement-stabilized rammed earth (CSRE) is a sustainable construction material. The use of it allows for economizing on the cost of a structure. These two properties of CSRE are based on the fact that the soil used for the rammed mixture is usually dug close to the construction site, so it has random characteristics. That is the reason for the lack of widely accepted prescriptions for CSRE mixture, which could ascertain high enough compressive strength. Therefore, assessing which components of CSRE have the highest impact on its compressive strength becomes an important issue. There are three machine learning regression tools, i.e., artificial neural networks, decision tree, and random forest, used for predicting the compressive strength based on the relative content of CSRE composites (clay, silt, sand, gravel, cement, and water content). The database consisted of 434 samples of CSRE, which were prepared and crushed for testing purposes. Relatively low prediction errors of aforementioned models allowed for the use of explainable artificial intelligence tools (drop-out loss, mean squared error reduction, accumulated local effect) to rank the influence of the ingredients on the dependent variable—the compressive strength. Consistent results from all above-mentioned methods are discussed and compared to some statistical analysis of selected features. This innovative approach, helpful in designing the construction material is a solid base for reliable conclusions.

scholarly journals Utilization of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash from Power Co-generation Boilers as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Safiki Ainomugisha ◽  
Bisaso Edwin ◽  
Bazairwe Annet
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Ordinary Portland Cement ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Concrete has been the world’s most consumed construction material, with over 10 billion tons of concrete annually. This is mainly due to its excellent mechanical and durability properties plus high mouldability. However, one of its major constituents; Ordinary Portland Cement is reported to be expensive and unaffordable by most low-income earners. Its production contributes about 5%–8% of global CO2 greenhouse emissions. This is most likely to increase exponentially with the demand of Ordinary Portland Cement estimated to rise by 200%, reaching 6000 million tons/year by 2050.  Therefore, different countries are aiming at finding alternative sustainable construction materials that are more affordable and offer greener options reducing reliance on non-renewable sources. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the possibility of utilizing sugarcane bagasse ash from co-generation in sugar factories as supplementary material in concrete. Physical and chemical properties of this sugarcane bagasse ash were obtained plus physical and mechanical properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement. Cost-benefit analysis of concrete was also assessed. The study was carried using 63 concrete cubes of size 150cm3 with water absorption studied as per BS 1881-122; slump test to BS 1881-102; and compressive strength and density of concrete according to BS 1881-116. The cement binder was replaced with sugarcane bagasse ash 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by proportion of weight. Results showed the bulk density of sugarcane bagasse ash at 474.33kg/m3, the specific gravity of 1.81, and 65% of bagasse ash has a particle size of less than 0.28mm. Chemically, sugarcane bagasse ash contained SiO2, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 at 63.59%, 3.39%, and 5.66% respectively. A 10% replacement of cement gave optimum compressive strength of 26.17MPa. This 10% replacement demonstrated a cost saving of 5.65% compared with conventional concrete. 

scholarly journals Experimental and FEM Investigation of Cob Walls under Compression

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Quagliarini ◽  
Gianluca Maracchini
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Behaviour ◽  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Crack Model

Earth has been used as construction material since prehistoric times, and it is still utilized nowadays in both developed and developing countries. Heritage conservation purposes and its intrinsic environmental benefits have led researchers to investigate the mechanical behaviour of this material. However, while a lot of works concern with rammed earth, CEB, and adobe techniques, very few studies are directed towards cob, which is an alternative to the more diffused rammed earth and adobe in specific geographic conditions. Due to this lack, this paper presents an experimental program aimed at assessing the failure mode and the main mechanical properties of cob earth walls (compressive strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) through monotonic axial compression tests. Results show that, if compared with CEB, adobe, and rammed earth, cob has the lowest compressive strength, the lowest modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio. Differences are also found by comparing results with those obtained for other cob techniques, underlining both the high regional variability of cob and the need of performing more research on this topic. A strong dependence of material properties on loading rate and water content seems to exist too. Finally, the ability of a common analytical method used for masonry structures (an FEM macromodelling with a total strain rotating crack model) to represent the mechanical behaviour of cob walls is showed.

scholarly journals Cement-Stabilized Waste Sand as Sustainable Construction Materials for Foundations and Highway Roads

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faisal Shalabi ◽  
Javed Mazher ◽  
Kaffayatullah Khan ◽  
Mohammed Alsuliman ◽  
Ibrahim Almustafa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Tangent Modulus ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Tangent Modulus

In this study, cement-treated waste sand as a by-product material produced from Al-Ahsa quarries (Saudi Arabia) was experimentally tested and investigated as a base course material for the foundation of structures and roads. The study aimed to use the waste sand as a construction material by improving its strength, bearing capacity, and stiffness. The waste sand was mixed with different percentages of Portland cement content (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) at the maximum dry density and optimum water content of the standard Proctor compaction conditions of a non-treated sample. Unconfined compressive strength and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests for different curing times were conducted. X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser-scanning microscopy (LSM), and X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) were used to explore the microstructure and composition of the treated sand. The results showed that the compressive strength, initial tangent modulus, and CBR of the treated sand increase with the increase in cement content and curing time. Furthermore, good correlations were established among the strength, initial tangent modulus, and CBR. Based on the obtained results, cement-stabilized waste sand is a potential material for use in construction. This is expected to save the environment and reduce the cost of road construction.

Experimental Study on the Axial Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus of GHPFRCC

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 1138-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Ling Li ◽  
Wang Juan
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
High Performance Fiber ◽  
Maintenance Decisions ◽  
Axial Compressive Strength ◽  
Pva Fiber

The sustainability of the construction material is increasingly coming to the forefront of the structure design and maintenance decisions. To address this, development of a new class of more sustainable construction material is needed, especially in China. This paper reports on the development of the green high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (GHPFRCC) with high volumes of fly ash and PVA fiber, and emphasizes the axial compressive strength and elastic modulus of GHPFRCC. Experimental results show that the prism axial compressive strength of GHPFRCC ranges from 15MPa to 40MPa. The elastic modulus of GHPFRCC is around 16-35GPa, typically lower than concrete.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation on Making of Plastic Brick

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
P. Subathra ◽  
Binil Varghese ◽  
Muhammed Jamsheed K. P ◽  
Muzammil T. H
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
The Family

Since the building made of cement concrete consumes almost half of the total energy generated and accordingly accountable for huge amount of CO2 emission, it is necessary to replace the Portland cement (PC) with sustainable construction material. Similarly, Prosopis Juliflora is a shrub or small tree in the family Fabaceae, a kind of mesquite which is considered to be a potential threat for ground water in South India. Hence, this has to eradicate so as to maintain the groundwater and also to effectively utilize its ash thereby reducing environmental pollution, this can be used as a partial replacement for cement. In this regard, this paper investigates the technical feasibility of using Prosopis Juliflora ash (PJA) as cementitious material by partially (5%, 10% and 15%) replacing cement by Prosopis Juliflora ash. The mixes were evaluated for their fresh, physical and strength properties such as workability, density and compressive strength and the results were compared with the conventional mix. In order to save the environment and to save the resources we have come up with using the Prosopis Juliflora (Semai-Karuvelam in Tamil) ash as the partial replacement of cement. Cement will produce equal amount of greenhouse gas (co2) which increase the global warming. As the amount of cement is reduced greenhouse gases also reduced. Utilization of Juliflora ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising methods to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The strength parameters (compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength) of concrete with blended Prosopis Juliflora cement are evaluated.

scholarly journals Vertical Rods as a Seismic Reinforcement Technique for Rammed Earth Walls: An Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q.-B. Bui ◽  
T.-T. Bui ◽  
R. El-Nabouch ◽  
D.-K. Thai
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Thermal Inertia ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Seismic Action ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Earth Walls

Rammed earth (RE) is a construction material which is manufactured by compacting soil by layers within a formwork to build a monolithic wall. RE material is the subject of numerous scientific researches during the last decade because of the significant heritage of RE buildings and the sustainable properties of this material: low embodied energy, substantial thermal inertia, and natural regulator of moisture. The seismic performance of RE buildings is an interesting topic which needs to be thoroughly investigated. This paper presents a numerical study which assesses the relevancy of a seismic reinforcement technique for RE walls by using two vertical steel rods installed at two extremities of the walls. The discrete element method (DEM) was used to model unreinforced and reinforced RE walls. These walls were first loaded with a vertical stress on the top to simulate the vertical loads and then submitted to a horizontal loading on the top to simulate the seismic action. Two current cases of RE buildings were investigated: one-storey and two-storey buildings. The results showed that the reinforcement technique enhanced the maximum horizontal force about 25% and 10%, respectively, for the cases of one- and two-storey buildings. Higher effectiveness of this reinforcement technique is expected for RE materials having higher compressive strength, for example, stabilized RE.

scholarly journals Experimental Project on Concrete - Partial Replacement of Cement by Prosopis Juliflora

2022 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
P. A. Prabakaran ◽  
Satheesh Kumar KRP ◽  
Janani G
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
Experimental Project

Since the building made of cement concrete consumes almost half of the total energy generated and accordingly accountable for huge amount of CO2 emission, it is necessary to replace the Portland cement (PC) with sustainable construction material. Similarly, Prosopis Juliflora is a shrub or small tree in the family Fabaceae, a kind of mesquite which is considered to be a potential threat for ground water in South India. Hence, this has to eradicate so as to maintain the groundwater and also to effectively utilize its ash thereby reducing environmental pollution, this can be used as a partial replacement for cement. In this regard, this paper investigates the technical feasibility of using Prosopis Juliflora ash (PJA) as cementitious material by partially (5%, 10% and 15%) replacing cement by Prosopis Juliflora ash. The mixes were evaluated for their fresh, physical and strength properties such as workability, density and compressive strength and the results were compared with the conventional mix. In order to save the environment and to save the resources we have come up with using the Prosopis Juliflora (Semai-Karuvelam in Tamil) ash as the partial replacement of cement. Cement will produce equal amount of greenhouse gas (co2) which increase the global warming. As the amount of cement is reduced greenhouse gases also reduced. Utilization of Juliflora ash as a partial substitution for cement is one of the promising methods to increase the strength and thermal insulation for cement blocks. The strength parameters (compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength) of concrete with blended Prosopis Juliflora cement are evaluated.

scholarly journals Performance of Foundry Sand Concrete under Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazrat Bilal ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub ◽  
Sardar Kashif Ur Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Rayed Alyousef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Pulse Velocity ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Natural Sand ◽  
Foundry Sand

Waste foundry sand (WFS) is the by-product of the foundry industry. Utilizing it in the construction industry will protect the environment and its natural resources, and enable sustainable construction. WFS was employed in this research as a fractional substitution of natural sand by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in concrete. Several tests, including workability, compressive strength (CS), splitting tensile strength (STS), and flexural strength (FS), ultrasonic pulse velocity (USPV), Schmidt rebound hammer number (RHN), and residual compressive strengths (RCS) tests were performed to understand the behavior of concrete before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. Test findings showed that the strength characteristics were increased by including WFS at all the phases. For a substitute rate of 30%, the maximum compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength were observed. Replacement with WFS enhanced the 28-day compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength by 7.82%, 9.87%, and 10.35%, respectively at a 30% replacement level, and showed continuous improvement until the age of 91 days. The RCS of foundry sand concrete after one month of air cooling at ambient temperature after exposing to 300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C was found to be in the range of 67.50% to 71.00%, 57.50% to 61.50%, 49.00% to 51.50%, 38% to 41%, 31% to 35% and 26% to 31.5% of unheated compressive strength values for 0% to 40% replacement of WFS, respectively. The RCS decreases with increasing temperature; however, with increasing WFS, the RCS was enhanced in comparison to the control samples. In addition, the replacement of 30% yielded excellent outcomes. Hence, this study provides a sustainable construction material that will preserve the Earth’s natural resources and provide a best use of WFS.

scholarly journals Estudio de la resistencia a compresión del hormigón utilizando el vidrio finamente molido en reemplazo parcial del cemento

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sophía Moncerrat Alvarado Mera ◽  
Andy Gabriel Vélez Soledispa ◽  
Wilter Enrique Ruiz Párraga ◽  
Eduardo Humberto Ortiz Hernández ◽  
César Mauricio Jarre Castro
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Test Pieces ◽  
Strength And Durability

  El hormigón obtenido a partir de vidrio finamente molido es una línea de investigación a nuevos materiales, basados en el ahorro del cemento y a su vez en la disminución del dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera para obtener un material constructivo más eficiente y sostenible. Con el propósito de buscar una solución para la fabricación de hormigones, la utilización del vidrio finamente molido como reemplazo parcial del cemento es una de las alternativas para integrarlo al proceso constructivo, cuyo objetivo es disminuir el empleo de materias primas no renovables, utilizando materiales reciclados con excelentes características de resistencia y durabilidad. En la presente investigación se estudió la resistencia a compresión del hormigón, usando vidrio finamente molido, sustituyéndolo en porcentajes del 5%, 10% y 15% en reemplazo parcial del cemento. Se elaboraron probetas de hormigón convencional y probetas de hormigón con adición de vidrio finamente molido, a cada probeta experimentada se le realizó el ensayo de resistencia a compresión del hormigón en un tiempo máximo de curado húmedo de 56 días. Se realizó la comparación entre el hormigón sin adición y el hormigón con porcentajes de vidrio finamente molido, llegando a la conclusión que el vidrio sustituido al 15% como reemplazo parcial del cemento disminuye su resistencia a compresión.   Palabras claves — vidrio finamente molido, resistencia a compresión, hormigón, adición, cemento.   Abstract  The concrete obtained from finely ground glass is a line of investigation to new materials, based on the saving of cement and in turn on the reduction of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere to obtain a more efficient and sustainable construction material. In order to find a solution for the manufacture of concrete, the use of finely ground glass as a partial replacement of cement is one of the alternatives to integrate it into the construction process, whose aim is to reduce the use of non-renewable raw materials, using recycled materials with excellent strength and durability characteristics. In this research, the compressive strength of concrete was studied, using finely ground glass, replacing it in percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% in partial replacement of cement. Conventional concrete test pieces and concrete test pieces with the addition of finely ground glass were produced and each tested test piece was tested for the compressive strength of the concrete within a maximum curing time of 56 days A comparison was made between aggregate concrete and concrete with finely ground glass percentages, concluding that glass replaced at 15% as a partial replacement for cement decreases its compressive strength.   Index Terms — finely ground glass, compressive strength, concrete, addition, cement.

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