scholarly journals Poly-Epsilon-Lysine Hydrogels with Dynamic Crosslinking Facilitates Cell Proliferation

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3851
Author(s):  
Nestor Lopez Mora ◽  
Matthew Owens ◽  
Sara Schmidt ◽  
Andreia F. Silva ◽  
Mark Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Migration ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Arginine Glycine Aspartic Acid ◽  
Imine Bond

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network within which fundamental cell processes such as cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation occur driven by its inherent biological and structural cues. Hydrogels have been used as biomaterials as they possess many of the ECM characteristics that control cellular processes. However, the permanent crosslinking often found in hydrogels fails to recapitulate the dynamic nature of the natural ECM. This not only hinders natural cellular migration but must also limit cellular expansion and growth. Moreover, there is an increased interest in the use of new biopolymers to create biomimetic materials that can be used for biomedical applications. Here we report on the natural polymer poly-ε-lysine in forming dynamic hydrogels via reversible imine bond formation, with cell attachment promoted by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) incorporation. Together, the mechanical properties and cell behavior of the dynamic hydrogels with low poly-ε-lysine quantities indicated good cell viability and high metabolic activity.

Keratocyte networks visualised in the living cornea using vital dyes

1993 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 685-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Poole ◽  
N.H. Brookes ◽  
G.M. Clover
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Corneal Stroma ◽  
Molecular Probes ◽  
Dead Cell ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Tissue Matrix

Fluorescent viability probes have been used to visualise and investigate the viability, morphology and organisation of the keratocyte within the stroma of the intact living cornea. The live cell probe, calcien-AM, in combination with a dead cell probe, ethidium homodimer (Live/Dead Assay, Molecular Probes, U.S.A.) proved superior to earlier generation vital dyes such as fluorescein diacetate or 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, initially used in combination with ethidium bromide. The ubiquitous distribution of esterase enzymes that cleave calcien-AM within the keratocyte cytoplasm produced a high concentration of fluorescently active calcein throughout the cell, including fine cell processes. Epi-illuminated fluorescence microscopy on transparent corneal dissections subsequently revealed details of keratocyte microanatomy and three-dimensional network organisation in situ. Three morphologically discrete subpopulations of keratocytes were identified: two formed relatively small bands of cells, immediately subjacent to either Bowman's or Descemet's membranes, the third subpopulation constituting the majority of keratocytes typically located within the corneal stroma. The results indicate that calcein-AM is able to penetrate intact living cornea revealing cell viability, and it also has the capacity to ‘trace’ cellular elements and reveal fine structure within a dense connective tissue matrix.

The zwitterionic structure of 2-hydroxy-4-[(2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]benzoic acid

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson A. B. C. Júnior ◽  
Gustavo S. G. De Carvalho ◽  
Lippy F. Marques ◽  
Charlane C. Corrêa ◽  
Adilson D. Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Carboxylic Acid Group ◽  
Phenol Group ◽  
Zwitterionic Form ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Imine Bond

The title compound, C14H11NO4, exists in the solid phase in the zwitterionic form, 2-{[(4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)iminiumyl]methyl}phenolate, with the H atom from the phenol group on the 2-hydroxybenzylidene ring transferred to the imine N atom, resulting in a strong intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond between the iminium H atom and the phenolate O atom, forming a six-membered hydrogen-bonded ring. In addition, there is an intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen bond between the carboxylic acid group and the adjacent hydroxy group of the other ring, and an intermolecular C—H...O contact involving the phenol group and the C—H group adjacent to the imine bond, connecting the molecules into a two-dimensional network in the (10\overline{3}) plane. π–π stacking interactions result in a three-dimensional network. This study is important because it provides crystallographic evidence, supported by IR data, for the iminium zwitterionic form of Schiff bases.<!?tpb=12pt>

scholarly journals Interpenetrating polymeric hydrogels as favorable materials for hygienic applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 5011-5020
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Polymeric Chains ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Polymers can crosslink to produce intermingled materials with three-dimensional network structure known as interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN). They comprise elastic crosslinked polymeric chains. The chains of the hydrogels are either physically or chemically entangled together. Interpenetrating hydrogels can be tailored to provide enhanced materials. They can be classified according to methods of their synthesis as simultaneous or sequential IPNs and the structure to be homo or semi IPNs. The preparation factors play a role in controlling the properties of the produced IPNs. Moreover, the ambient conditions such as pH, temperature as well as the ionic strength may affect the performance of these hydrogels. The swelling capacity is an important feature that allows the prepared hydrogel to perform the required application. Some disadvantages may arise such as the low mechanical properties that are suggested to be overcome. IPNs can be used in various applications that serve the human requirements like drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical and packaging applications. Hydrogels present biocompatibility and nontoxicity when used in biomedical applications. Interpenetrating hydrogels can be prepared from natural or synthetic polymers. Polysaccharides as natural polymers can be used to produce efficient interpenetrating hydrogels. Polyacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(vinyl alcohol) are designated as promising synthetic polymers capable of forming interpenetrating hydrogels.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Application of Fish Gelatin for Hydrogels/ Composite Hydrogels: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3966-3976
Keyword(s):  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
3D Bioprinting ◽  
Fish Gelatin ◽  
Molecular Binding ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Natural Protein ◽  
Hydrogel Composites ◽  
Differentiation And Proliferation

Hydrogels are one of the biopolymers that have been applied and have excellent potential to be developed as a raw material in future food technology, biomedicine, and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. Even stigmatized that hydrogels are the only source of bioink for 3D bioprinting. Among natural sources, protein-based hydrogels have advantages in the aspects of biocompatibility, biodegradability, tunability, molecular binding ability, and bioactive properties. Gelatin is a natural protein-based biopolymer that offers potential. Besides its advantages as a natural protein-based hydrogel, gelatin is also inexpensive, usually extracted from processing by-products such as skins and bones. Studies also mentioned that gelatin has the tripeptide motif that promotes cell attachment for subsequent cellular processes, like migration, differentiation, and proliferation. However, most gelatin is derived from mammalian sources, while these sources are limited considering socio-religion, cultural, health aspects. Fish gelatin is the most potential source for alternative gelatin. They have uniqueness and viscosity for bio-fabrication and injectable hydrogels. Therefore, this paper will review the hydrogels based on fish gelatin studied in recent years and the last decade. Here also described the stages in the fabrication of fish gelatin hydrogels/hydrogel composites with different co-polymers, composite materials, polymerization methods, and future intended use of obtained fish gelatin hydrogels/composites.

scholarly journals (E)-4-Methoxy-N′-(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide monohydrate

IUCrData ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Veeramanikandan ◽  
H. Benita Sherine ◽  
B. Gunasekaran ◽  
G. Chakkaravarthi
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Aromatic Rings ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Dimensional Network ◽  
Additional Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Methoxy Substituent ◽  
Imine Bond ◽  
Additional Hydrogen

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C18H20N2O5·H2O, consists of a benzohydrazide molecule which exists in anEconformation with respect to the C=N imine bond and a water molecule. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 41.67 (9)°. The methoxy substituent of the 4-methoxyphenyl group is twisted at an angle of 6.8 (3)° out of the plane of the attached benzene ring. In the 2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl unit, thepara-methoxy group is coplanar with the ring [C—C—O—C = −1.5 (3)°], whereas theortho- andmeta-methoxy groups are twisted out of the plane of the ring [C—C—O—C = 75.4 (2) and −67.1 (2)°, respectively]. Two molecules are connected by two water moleculesviaO—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating anR22(8) ring motif. One of the water H atoms forms an additional hydrogen bond to an N atom. The water molecules act as an acceptor for an N—H...O hydrogen bond. As a result, a three-dimensional network is formed.

scholarly journals Carbon Nanomaterials for Electro-Active Structures: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2946
Author(s):  
Weiguang Wang ◽  
Yanhao Hou ◽  
Dean Martinez ◽  
Darwin Kurniawan ◽  
Wei-Hung Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Carbon Nanomaterials ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Active Structures ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Conductive Property ◽  
Materials Used

The use of electrically conductive materials to impart electrical properties to substrates for cell attachment proliferation and differentiation represents an important strategy in the field of tissue engineering. This paper discusses the concept of electro-active structures and their roles in tissue engineering, accelerating cell proliferation and differentiation, consequently leading to tissue regeneration. The most relevant carbon-based materials used to produce electro-active structures are presented, and their main advantages and limitations are discussed in detail. Particular emphasis is put on the electrically conductive property, material synthesis and their applications on tissue engineering. Different technologies, allowing the fabrication of two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures in a controlled way, are also presented. Finally, challenges for future research are highlighted. This review shows that electrical stimulation plays an important role in modulating the growth of different types of cells. As highlighted, carbon nanomaterials, especially graphene and carbon nanotubes, have great potential for fabricating electro-active structures due to their exceptional electrical and surface properties, opening new routes for more efficient tissue engineering approaches.

scholarly journals Biomedical Applications of Graphene-Based Structures

Nanomaterials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Tadyszak ◽  
Jacek Wychowaniec ◽  
Jagoda Litowczenko
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Reduced Forms

Graphene and graphene oxide (GO) structures and their reduced forms, e.g., GO paper and partially or fully reduced three-dimensional (3D) aerogels, are at the forefront of materials design for extensive biomedical applications that allow for the proliferation and differentiation/maturation of cells, drug delivery, and anticancer therapies. Various viability tests that have been conducted in vitro on human cells and in vivo on mice reveal very promising results, which make graphene-based materials suitable for real-life applications. In this review, we will give an overview of the latest studies that utilize graphene-based structures and their composites in biological applications and show how the biomimetic behavior of these materials can be a step forward in bridging the gap between nature and synthetically designed graphene-based nanomaterials.

scholarly journals Recent Trends in Three-Dimensional Bioinks Based on Alginate for Biomedical Applications

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnoosh Pahlevanzadeh ◽  
Hamidreza Mokhtari ◽  
Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad ◽  
Rahmatollah Emadi ◽  
Mahshid Kharaziha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Natural Polymers ◽  
Cell Printing ◽  
Tissue Printing ◽  
Artificial Tissue ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Synthetic And Natural Polymers

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an appealing and revolutionary manufacturing approach for the accurate placement of biologics, such as living cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, in the form of a 3D hierarchical structure to fabricate synthetic multicellular tissues. Many synthetic and natural polymers are applied as cell printing bioinks. One of them, alginate (Alg), is an inexpensive biomaterial that is among the most examined hydrogel materials intended for vascular, cartilage, and bone tissue printing. It has also been studied pertaining to the liver, kidney, and skin, due to its excellent cell response and flexible gelation preparation through divalent ions including calcium. Nevertheless, Alg hydrogels possess certain negative aspects, including weak mechanical characteristics, poor printability, poor structural stability, and poor cell attachment, which may restrict its usage along with the 3D printing approach to prepare artificial tissue. In this review paper, we prepare the accessible materials to be able to encourage and boost new Alg-based bioink formulations with superior characteristics for upcoming purposes in drug delivery systems. Moreover, the major outcomes are discussed, and the outstanding concerns regarding this area and the scope for upcoming examination are outlined.

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