Dendrimeric Structures in the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals

Dendrimers are highly branched structures with a defined shape, dimension, and molecular weight. They consist of three major components: the central core, branches, and terminal groups. In recent years, dendrimers have received great attention in medicinal chemistry, diagnostic field, science of materials, electrochemistry, and catalysis. In addition, they are largely applied for the functionalization of biocompatible semiconductors, in gene transfection processes, as well as in the preparation of nano-devices, including heterogeneous catalysts. Here, we describe recent advances in the design and application of dendrimers in catalytic organic and inorganic processes, sustainable and low environmental impact, photosensitive materials, nano-delivery systems, and antiviral agents’ dendrimers.

Download Full-text

Peptide and Low Molecular Weight Proteins Based Kidney Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866525666180530123441 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 522-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pengfei Xu ◽

Hailiang Zhang ◽

Ruili Dang ◽

Pei Jiang

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Targeted Drug ◽

Low Molecular Weight Proteins ◽

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Download Full-text

Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Valorisation of Lignocellulosic Biomasses towards Fine Chemicals

Biomass ◽

10.3390/biomass1010003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 29-59

Author(s):

Enrico Scelsi ◽

Antonella Angelini ◽

Carlo Pastore

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impact ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽

Modern Society ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Critical Discussion ◽

Fine Chemicals ◽

Enzymatic Transformation ◽

Alternative Sources ◽

Industrial Level

The growing demand for energy and materials in modern society pushes scientific research to finding new alternative sources to traditional fossil feedstocks. The exploitation of biomass promises to be among the viable alternatives with a lower environmental impact. Making biomass exploitation technologies applicable at an industrial level represents one of the main goals for our society. In this work, the most recent scientific studies concerning the enhancement of lignocellulosic biomasses through the use of deep eutectic solvent (DES) systems have been examined and reported. DESs have an excellent potential for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass: the high H-bond capacity and polarity allow the lignin to be deconvolved, making it easier to break down the lignocellulosic complex, producing a free crystallite of cellulose capable of being exploited and valorised. DESs offer valid alternatives of using the potential of lignin (producing aromatics), hemicellulose (achieving furfural) and cellulose (delivering freely degradable substrates through enzymatic transformation into glucose). In this review, the mechanism of DES in the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass and the main possible uses for the valorisation of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were reported, with a critical discussion of the perspectives and limits for industrial application.

Download Full-text

Catalytic Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25040802 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 802 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Manuel Antonio Díaz-Pérez ◽

Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Global Warming ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽

Jet Fuels ◽

Renewable Source ◽

The World

Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society to search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. In this sense, biomass, the only renewable source of carbon available on Earth, is the perfect replacement for petroleum in producing renewable fuels. The aviation sector is responsible for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions, and two billion barrels of petroleum are being consumed annually to produce the jet fuels required to transport people and goods around the world. Governments are pushing directives to replace fossil fuel-derived jet fuels with those derived from biomass. The present mini review is aimed to summarize the main technologies available today for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a molecular weight and structure suitable for being used as aviation fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed on those routes involving heterogeneous catalysts.

Download Full-text

Metal organic frameworks as heterogeneous catalysts for the production of fine chemicals

Catalysis Science & Technology ◽

10.1039/c3cy00350g ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (10) ◽

pp. 2509 ◽

Cited By ~ 216

Author(s):

Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy ◽

Maksym Opanasenko ◽

Jiří Čejka ◽

Hermenegildo Garcia

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Metal Organic Frameworks ◽

Fine Chemicals ◽

Metal Organic

Download Full-text

Molecular weight-dependent gene transfection activity of unmodified and galactosylated polyethyleneimine on hepatoma cells and mouse liver

Molecular Therapy ◽

10.1016/s1525-0016(02)00053-9 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 254-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

Kensuke Morimoto ◽

Makiya Nishikawa ◽

Shigeru Kawakami ◽

Takayuki Nakano ◽

Yoshiyuki Hattori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Mouse Liver ◽

Gene Transfection ◽

Hepatoma Cells

Download Full-text

Heterogeneous catalysts based on supported Rh–NHC complexes: synthesis of high molecular weight poly(silyl ether)s by catalytic hydrosilylation

Catalysis Science & Technology ◽

10.1039/c3cy00598d ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 62-70 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Guillermo Lázaro ◽

Francisco J. Fernández-Alvarez ◽

Manuel Iglesias ◽

Cristina Horna ◽

Eugenio Vispe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Silyl Ether ◽

Catalytic Hydrosilylation ◽

High Molecular Weight Poly

Download Full-text

Statistical Treatments of Rubber Structure

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3542244 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 1201-1217 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Scanlan ◽

W. F. Watson

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Experimental Testing ◽

Polymer Structure ◽

Polymer Chains ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Average Value ◽

Physical Form ◽

The Subject ◽

Branched Structures ◽

Mathematical Analyses

Abstract Chemical reactions are random in nature and can therefore be subjected to mathematical analyses based on probability theory. This is a particularly necessary approach to polymer structure in which the effect of chance inherent in the reactions is preserved in physical form and therefore much attention has been given to deductions from such treatments. It is the purpose of this paper to review the results of those investigations which have particular application to rubbery high polymers. Some emphasis will be given to the authors' view that experimental testing of the derived expressions is still far from being satisfactory and that the subject in spite of the effort expended is still only at its beginning. Consideration of details of polymer structure is not merely an academic exercise. The properties of raw rubbers are highly dependent on polymer chain length and for many important ones such as viscosity, either in solution or in the melt, the dependence is not simply linear. Unless linear dependence on the number of molecules and their size does apply, an average value of molecular weight is insufficient to characterize a rubber sample in respect of the property considered and further knowledge of the distribution of molecular weights among the rubber molecules is required. The properties of rubbers are also markedly influenced by the occurrence of branching in the polymer chains; the insolubility and elasticity conferred by vulcanization are the results of the formation of complex branched structures which have been the subjects for statistical treatments.

Download Full-text