scholarly journals Setting Behavior and Phase Evolution on Heat Treatment of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers Containing Calcium Hydroxide

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Byoungkwan Kim ◽  
Sujeong Lee ◽  
Chul-Min Chon ◽  
Shinhu Cho
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Curing Conditions ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Temperature Xrd ◽  
High Calcium

The setting behavior of geopolymers is affected by the type of source materials, alkali activators, mix formulations, and curing conditions. Calcium hydroxide is known to be an effective additive to shorten the setting period of geopolymers. However, there is still room for improvement in the understanding of the effect of calcium hydroxide on the setting and phase evolution of geopolymers. In this study, the setting behavior and phase evolution of geopolymer containing calcium hydroxide were investigated by XRD analysis. The setting time of the geopolymer was inconsistently shortened as the amount of calcium hydroxide increased. A low calcium hydroxide dose of up to 2% of the total mix weight could contribute to the enhancement of compressive strength of geopolymers besides a fast-setting effect. The C-S-H gel is rapidly precipitated at the early stage of reaction in geopolymers containing high calcium hydroxide with some of the calcium hydroxide remaining intact. The ex-situ high-temperature XRD analysis and Rietveld refinement results revealed that geopolymer and C-S-H gel transformed into Si-rich nepheline and wollastonite, respectively. The wollastonite was also observed in heat-treated geopolymers with a low calcium hydroxide dose. It is believed that C-S-H gel can be precipitated along with geopolymers regardless of how much calcium hydroxide is added.

Compressive Strength and Setting Time Modification of Class C Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Partially Replaced with Kaolin and Metakaolin

2018 ◽  
Vol 766 ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khanthima Hemra ◽  
Shuntaro Yamaguchi ◽  
Takaomi Kobayashi ◽  
Pavadee Aungkavattana ◽  
Sirithan Jiemsirilers
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Initial Setting Time ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Initial Setting ◽  
Class C

Class C fly ash is widely used as a geopolymer raw material. It contains high calcium oxide and iron oxide resulting in a fast setting property. The influence of using kaolin and metakaolin replaced class C fly ash in geopolymer processing were investigated in term of compressive strength and setting time. Kaolin and metakaolin which calcined at different temperature of 600°C and 700°C replaced Class C fly ash between 0 to 50 wt. %. The geopolymers were prepared at constant KOH concentration as 6.0 M, K2SiO3/KOH ratio as 1.0, solid/liquid ratio as 1.5 and 7 days of curing. The compressive strength is obviously increased when fly ash was replaced with both kinds of metakaolin, although, it is inclined to decrease when replaced by kaolin. The compressive strength is increased up to 13% and 47% with the replacement by 50 wt. % of metakaolin calcined at 600°C and 700°C, respectively. On the other hand, the replacement by 50 wt. % of kaolin give the initial setting time prolonging from about 6 min to 80 min. However, the initial setting time of metakaolin calcined at 600°C and 700°C replacement is also improved to about 37 min and 20 min, respectively. These results from their difference of amorphous phase and reactivity of the replacement materials. XRD analysis reveals the combination phases of amorphous geopolymer gel that is the broad hump centered at 28 – 30° 2θ, and products from the reaction such as calcium oxide, arcanite, calcium silicate hydrate, quartz and muscovite which the two latter are from unreacted metakaolin. They are confirmed by FT-IT result and microstructure evaluation by SEM. Therefore, the partially replacement of fly ash with kaolin and metakaolin in fly ash-based geopolymer production are affected to the compressive strength and resulted to modify the setting time.

Effect of phorbol myristate acetate on secretion of parathyroid hormone

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (1) ◽  
pp. E63-E70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Morrissey
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Membrane Fraction ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Myristate Acetate ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Protein Kinase C Activity ◽  
High Calcium

The influence of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase c, on the secretion of parathyroid hormone from collagenase-dispersed bovine parathyroid cells was tested. The cells were incubated at low (0.5 mM) or high (2.0 mM) concentrations of calcium in the medium, and the hormone secreted into the medium was measured by a radioimmunoassay that recognizes both intact and C-terminal fragments of hormone. At low calcium, the secretory rate averaged 32 +/- 3.8 ng.h-1.(10(5) cells)-1. The addition of 1.6 microM PMA did not affect secretion. At high calcium there was a significant suppression of secretion by 38% to 19.8 +/- 3 ng.h-1.(10(5) cells)-1. The addition of 1.6 microM PMA significantly stimulated hormone secretion to 35.8 +/- 8 ng.h-1.(10(5) cells)-1, a rate indistinguishable from low calcium. This stimulatory effect of PMA at high calcium was seen at PMA concentrations as low as 1.6 nM, did not occur with a biologically inactive 4 alpha-isomer of phorbol ester, and was independent of changes in cellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels. Examination of 32P-labeled phosphoproteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed acidic proteins of approximately 20,000 and 100,000 Da that were phosphorylated at low and high calcium + 1.6 microM PMA but not at high calcium alone. The protein kinase c activity associated with the membrane fraction of parathyroid cells significantly decreased 40% when the cells were incubated at high vs. low calcium. The data suggest that calcium may regulate parathyroid hormone secretion through changes in protein kinase c activity of the membrane fraction of the cell and protein phosphorylation.

scholarly journals Secretion and degradation of parathormone as a function of intracellular maturation of hormone pools

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
JJ Morrissey ◽  
DV Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Dibutyryl Cyclic Amp ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Parathormone Secretion

The biosynthesis, processing, and secretion of parthormone and the effect of calcium on these processes were measured in dispersed porcine parthyroid cells incubated with [(35)S]methionine. Proparathormone was detected at 10 min, the earliest time measured, and was rapidly and apparently quantitatively converted to parathormone. The half-life of the prohomormone pool was 15 min. Secretion of parathormone was detected by 20 min. In pulse-chase experiments there was a period between 20 and 40 min during which the wave of newly-synthesized parathormone was secreted. After 40 min during little additional radioactive hormone was secreted, but dibutyryl cyclic AMP, an agent that can mobilize stored parathormone, when added to the incubation mixtures enhanced radioactive parathormone secretion but only after 60 min, although it increased net hormone secretion as determined by radioimmunoassay to the same extent at all times studied. When the ionized calcium concentration of the medium was lowered, more radioactive hormone was secreted at all times but the effect was greatest on that hormone that was synthesized less than 60 min previously ; however, net hormone secretion in contrast to radioactive hormone was enhanced equally at all intervals. These data could mean that the refractoriness to secretion of parathormone 40-60 min of age was related to maturation of secretory container preparatory to storage. Low calcium (0.5 mM) stimulated hormone secretion up to fivefold compared to high calcium (3.0 mM) but did not affect synthesis of parathormone or proparathormne or conversion of the latter to hormone. During processing at least 70 percent of the intracellular parathormone was lost, presumably through proteolysis and this degradation was greater at high calcium. These data have been interpreted in light of the concept that two secretable pools of parathormone exist within the parathyroid.

scholarly journals Analysis of Activation Process of Carbon Black Based on Structural Parameters Obtained by XRD Analysis

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Sang-Min Lee ◽  
Sang-Hye Lee ◽  
Jae-Seung Roh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Carbon Black Surface ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Pore Properties

In the present study, carbon black activated by CO2 gas was examined through XRD analysis, especially with regard to changes in its structural parameters. Based on the results, its activation process was thoroughly analyzed. The activation process was controlled by isothermally activating the carbon black inside a reaction tube through which CO2 gas flowed. With this approach, the degree of activation was varied as desired. At an early stage of the activation process, the amorphous fraction on the carbon black surface was preferentially activated, and later the less-developed crystalline carbon (LDCC) region inside the carbon black particles started to be activated. The latter process was attributable to the formation of pores inside the carbon black particles. As the activation process proceeded further, the more-developed crystalline carbon (MDCC) region started to be activated, thereby causing the pores inside the carbon black particles to grow larger. At the last stage of the activation process, La was found to be decreased to about 40 Å. This implied that the edges of the graphite crystals had been activated, thus causing the internal pores to grow and coalesce into larger pores. Activated conductive Super-P with enhanced pore properties is expected to have wide applications.

Electrokinetic Phenomena and Surface Characteristics of Fly Ash Particles

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. A. Malek ◽  
D. M. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
High Calcium

AbstractThe zeta-potentials of two fly ashes were studied (high-calcium and low-calcium). It was found that they possess a point of charge reversal at pH = 10.5 to 12. The point of zero charge (low-calcium fly ash) was found to be at pH = 5. Furthermore, it shifted to more acidic values after the fly ash is aged in several calcium-containing solutions. The surficial changes that could happen when mixing fly ashes with cement and concrete were further evaluated by aging fly ashes in different solutions: Ca(OH)2, CaSO4·2H2O, NaOH and water solutions. Information from analyses for different ionic species in the solutions and characterization of the solid residues (XRD and SEM) was used in tentative explanations for the different behavior of the two types of fly ash in cementitious mixtures and concrete.

scholarly journals Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement at Low Temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Hongliang Zhang ◽  
Yang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Hydration Degree ◽  
Time Test

Low temperature negatively affects the engineering performance of cementitious materials and hinders the construction productivity. Previous studies have already demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticles can accelerate cement hydration and enhance the strength development of cementitious materials at room temperature. However, the performance of cementitious materials containing TiO2 nanoparticles at low temperatures is still unknown. In this study, specimens were prepared through the replacement of cement with 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 4 wt.%, and 5 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles and cured under temperatures of 0°C, 5°C, 10°C, and 20°C for specific ages. Physical and mechanical properties of the specimens were evaluated through the setting time test, compressive strength test, flexural strength test, hydration degree test, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to examine the performance of cementitious materials with and without TiO2 nanoparticles at various curing temperatures. It was found that low temperature delayed the process of cement hydration while TiO2 nanoparticles had a positive effect on accelerating the cement hydration and reducing the setting time in terms of the results of the setting time test, hydration degree test, and strength test, and the specimen with the addition of 2 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles showed the superior performance. Refined pore structure in the MIP tests, more mass loss of CH in TGA, intense peak appearance associated with the hydration products in XRD analysis, and denser microstructure in SEM demonstrated that the specimen with 2 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited preferable physical and mechanical properties compared with that without TiO2 nanoparticles under various curing temperatures.

The Influence of Purification of Ethyl Acrylate on the Properties of Cement Matrix

2010 ◽  
Vol 150-151 ◽  
pp. 1143-1151
Author(s):  
Chau Lee ◽  
Nian Fu Wang ◽  
Meng Xun Xiem
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Ethyl Acrylate ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Final Setting Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Analysis Of Performance ◽  
Acrylate Polymer

This research mainly probes into the analysis of performance and assessment that ethyl acrylate polymer is applied to the cement matrix. The result shows that, before and after the purification, ethyl acrylate can increase the flowability of modified mortar, and with the increasing the dosage of polymer, the flowability is getting better. But if the dosage of hydrogen peroxide used to remove the residua alcohol is excessive, it is easy to cause high mortar viscosity, and that is unfavorable to the flowability. According to the setting time of the mortar under normal consistency, the result shows that the ethyl acrylate before the purification, has retarding effects on both initial and final setting time. With the increasing the dosage of polymer, it takes longer for both setting time. Besides, because hydrogen peroxide has accelerative effect, the purified ethyl acrylate can shorten the setting time of initial and final setting time. However, over dosage of hydrogen peroxide can easily lead to poor strength development in later stage. Using purified ethyl acrylate can overcome the shortcoming of lower strength of 3、7- day early stage. when hydrogen peroxide consumption is 0.5% of the total amount of acid and alcohol, the ethyl acrylate has the positive effect on improving the compressive strength. Finally, among the comprehensive assessments of the mortar testing results, EH0.5-0.1 has the significant effect of modification.

scholarly journals Influence of Particle Size Distribution of High Calcium Fly Ash on HVFA Mortar Properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Antoni . ◽  
Hendra Surya Wibawa ◽  
Djwantoro Hardjito
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
High Volume ◽  
High Volume Fly Ash ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
High Calcium Fly Ash

This study evaluates the effect of particle size distribution (PSD) of high calcium fly ash on high volume fly ash (HVFA) mortar characteristics. Four PSD variations of high calcium fly ash used were: unclassified fly ash and fly ash passing sieve No. 200, No. 325 and No. 400, respectively. The fly ash replacement ratio of the cementitious material ranged between 50-70%. The results show that with smaller fly ash particles size and higher levels of fly ash replacement, the workability of the mixture was increased with longer setting time. There was an increase in mortar compressive strength with finer fly ash particle size, compared to those with unclassified ones, with the highest strength was found at those with fly ash passing mesh No. 325. The increase was found due to better compactability of the mixture. Higher fly ash replacement reduced the mortar’s compressive strength, however, the rate was reduced when finer fly ash particles was used.

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