scholarly journals The Future of Scandium Recovery from Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Olga Chernoburova ◽  
Alexandre Chagnes
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
No Production ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Critical Metal

With growing demand for renewable and clean energy technologies, the need in rare earth metals is increasing. Scandium, which is often considered a rare earth element (REE), is a critical metal mainly used in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and high strength aluminum alloys used in aerospace and 3D printing applications. Furthermore, scandium supply is limited due to its scarcity and the high cost of its production in Asia and Russia while Europe has no production of scandium. Therefore, scandium extraction from alternative resources such as secondary resources located in Europe is of great concern. Within this context, this work provides a condensed state-of-art review of the issue of scandium recovery from industrial wastes. Priority was given to addressing the technological and economic challenges associated with the recovery of scandium from the said residues, with particular emphasis on the bauxite residue from alumina production, which represents nearly 5 million tons on dry basis per year in Europe.

scholarly journals Rare Earth Elements supply vs. clean energy technologies: new problems to be solve

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baolu Zhou ◽  
Zhongxue Li ◽  
Yiqing Zhao ◽  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Yixin Wei
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Recycling Techniques ◽  
New Strategies

Abstract Rare earth elements (REEs) provide important properties to clean energy technologies such as wind turbine and hybrid electric vehicles. The global REE demand will grow rapidly during the global transformation toward a greener economy in the next decades. This high demand will require a steady supply chain in the long run. China has a monopoly of global REE production and extraction. The global REE supply chain runs the risk of disruption along with Chinese REE policy evolution. To overcome this supply chain vulnerability, new strategies and measures should be adopted to satisfy future REE supply/demand. There is a pressing need to explore REE deposits, develop efficient REE recycling techniques from end-of-life products, improve substitution technologies for REEs, and reduce the number of critical REEs used in devices. Such measures are facing significant challenges due to environmental factors and an unbalanced market, and overcoming them requires efforts from government and REE companies.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Impact of Rare Earth Elements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Koltun ◽  
A. Tharumarajah
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Representative System

The diverse properties of rare earth elements have seen broad and growing applications in clean energy technologies, hybrid vehicles, pollution control, optics, refrigeration, and so on. This study presents a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment of the energy use, resource depletion, and global warming potential resulting from the production of rare earth elements (REEs) using the Bayan Obo rare earth operation in Inner Mongolia, China, as a representative system. The study aggregates data from the literature, LCI databases, and reasonable estimations. A novel economic value-based allocation method for the multiple coproducts of the process is proposed. It is found that four of the high priced REEs scandium, europium, terbium, and dysprosium have very high GWPs from production relative to the rest. A mass-based allocation is also provided for comparison. Impacts on immediate local environment from waste streams that can be toxic are not included in this study.

scholarly journals Sustainability of emerging energy and transportation technologies is impacted by the coexistence of minerals in nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman Elshkaki
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Global Dynamic ◽  
Reduce Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractWind power and electric vehicles can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve air quality. However, these technologies rely on rare metals whose extraction requires large amounts of energy and water and are high in carbon emissions. Here we consider the sustainability of both technologies and the impacts of rare earth elements co-extraction. We use a global dynamic material flow-stock model and several scenarios for rare earth elements demand and supply. Cumulative carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with rare earth metals oversupply was between 5.5 and 6.4 times the emissions associated with dysprosium and neodymium production when dysprosium demand was increased. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with metals extraction and production were equivalent to between 10% and 29% of carbon dioxide emissions reduction through electric vehicle use. Targeting metal rich deposits and increased material efficiency and recycling reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 78%, 39% and 35%, and combined by 90%. Our findings highlight the role of resource efficiency and recycling in enhancing clean energy technologies.

Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 122048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Jyothi ◽  
Thriveni Thenepalli ◽  
Ji Whan Ahn ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Parhi ◽  
Kyeong Woo Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Secondary Resources ◽  
Energy Technologies

Introduction of Rare Earth Metal Recovery for Green and Clean Energy Technologies

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ana Belen Cueva Sola ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Parhi ◽  
Thriveni Thenepalli ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Jyothi
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Metal ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Metal Recovery ◽  
Energy Technologies

ELEKTRON EQ2

Alloy Digest ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
North America ◽  
Earth Element ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Bend Strength ◽  
Temperature Performance

Abstract Elektron EQ21 is a casting high strength magnesium alloy developed as a heat treatable alloy with rare earth element additions. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, tensile properties, and compressive, shear, and bend strength as well as creep. It also includes information on high temperature performance and corrosion resistance as well as casting, forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: Mg-80. Producer or source: Magnesium Elektron Wrought Products, North America.

scholarly journals Synthetic models of hydrogenases based on framework structures containing coordinating P, N-atoms as hydrogen energy electrocatalysts – from molecules to materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 1305-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulia H. Budnikova ◽  
Vera V. Khrizanforova
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Metal Derivatives ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Metal Doped

AbstractNowadays, hydrogen has become not only an extremely important chemical product but also a promising clean energy carrier for replacing fossil fuels. Production of molecular H2 through electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions is crucial for the development of clean-energy technologies. The development of economically viable and efficient H2 production/oxidation catalysts is a key step in the creation of H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. Intrinsic limitations of both natural enzymes and synthetic materials have led researchers to explore enzyme-induced catalysts to realize a high current density at a low overpotential. In recent times, highly active widespread numerous electrocatalysts, both homogeneous or heterogeneous (immobilized on the electrode), such as transition metal complexes, heteroatom- or metal-doped nanocarbons, metal-organic frameworks, and other metal derivatives (calix [4] resorcinols, pectates, etc.), which are, to one extent or another, structural or functional analogs of hydrogenases, have been extensively studied as alternatives for Pt-based catalysts, demonstrating prospects for the development of a “hydrogen economy”. This mini-review generalizes some achievements in the field of development of new electrocatalysts for H2 production/oxidation and their application for fuel cells, mainly focuses on the consideration of the catalytic activity of M[P2N2]22+ (M = Ni, Fe) complexes and other nickel structures which have been recently obtained.

scholarly journals Editorial for Special Issue “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Kenneth N. Han
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Military Applications

Rare earth elements (REEs) have become an important group of metals used in many high-tech industries, including high-strength magnets, plasma TVs, various military applications, and clean and efficient green energy industries [...]

Biotechnological trends and market impact on the recovery of rare earth elements from bauxite residue (red mud) – A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 105645
Author(s):  
Sandeep Panda ◽  
Rachel Biancalana Costa ◽  
Syed Sikandar Shah ◽  
Srabani Mishra ◽  
Denise Bevilaqua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Market Impact

scholarly journals Effect of Rare Earth Ce on Deep Stamping Properties of High-Strength Interstitial-Free Steel Containing Phosphorus

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1473
Author(s):  
Hao Wang ◽  
Yanping Bao ◽  
Chengyi Duan ◽  
Lu Lu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Rolling Process ◽  
P Element ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Strengthening Effect ◽  
Interstitial Free ◽  
If Steel

The influence of rare earth Ce on the deep stamping property of high-strength interstitial-free (IF) steel containing phosphorus was analyzed. After adding 120 kg ferrocerium alloy (Ce content is 10%) in the steel, the inclusion statistics and the two-dimensional morphology of the samples in the direction of 1/4 thickness of slab and each rolling process were observed and compared by scanning electron microscope (SEM). After the samples in each rolling process were treated by acid leaching, the three-dimensional morphology and components of the second phase precipitates were observed by SEM and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The microstructure of the sample was observed by optical microscope, and the grain size was compared. Meanwhile, the content and strength of the favorable texture were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the mechanical properties of the product were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The combination of rare earth Ce with activity O and S in steel had lower Gibbs free energy, and it was easy to generate CeAlO3, Ce2O2S, and Ce2O3. The inclusions size was obviously reduced, but the number of inclusions was increased after adding rare earth. The morphology of inclusions changed from chain and strip to spherical. The size of rare earth inclusions was mostly about 2–5 μm, distributed and dispersed, and their elastic modulus was close to that of steel matrix, which was conducive to improving the structure continuity of steel. (2) The rare earth compound had a high melting point. As a heterogeneous nucleation point, the nucleation rate was increased and the solidification structure was refined. The grade of grain size of products was increased by 1.5 grades, which is helpful to improve the strength and plasticity of metal. (3) Rare earth Ce can inhibit the segregation of P element at the grain boundary and the precipitation of Fe(Nb+Ti)P phase. It can effectively increase the solid solution amount of P element in steel, improve the solid solution strengthening effect of P element in high-strength IF steel, and obtain a large proportion of {111} favorable texture, which is conducive to improving the stamping formability index r90 value.

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