scholarly journals Low-Entropy Stochastic Processes for Generating k-Distributed and Normal Sequences, and the Relationship of These Processes with Random Number Generators †

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 838
Author(s):  
Boris Ryabko
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Processes ◽  
Random Number ◽  
Infinite Sequence ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Relationship

An infinite sequence x 1 x 2 . . . of letters from some alphabet { 0 , 1 , . . . , b - 1 } , b ≥ 2 , is called k-distributed ( k ≥ 1 ) if any k-letter block of successive digits appears with the frequency b - k in the long run. The sequence is called normal (or ∞-distributed) if it is k-distributed for any k ≥ 1 . We describe two classes of low-entropy processes that with probability 1 generate either k-distributed sequences or ∞-distributed sequences. Then, we show how those processes can be used for building random number generators whose outputs are either k-distributed or ∞-distributed. Thus, these generators have statistical properties that are mathematically proven.

The Relationship of State and Society: Productive or Unproductive

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Long Run ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The policies followed by patrimonial states generally involve playing one group against another and are inimical to long-run growth. Social cohesion or closure among rural groups (tenants, part-owners, etc.) provides a mechanism by which the governing elite are likely to find increased opportunities to behave in a developmental way. More strongly, this rural cohesion or closure often compels them to behave in a developmental manner. Such closure is most likely to result from broad based rural development resulting in the creation of extensive social networks via the operation of intermediaries. The prewar experiences of Japan and Korea with land reform are used to illustrate the argument.

scholarly journals An analysis of the relationship of inflation and unemployment to the gross domestic product (gdp) in zimbabwe

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Tendai Makoni
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Cointegration Test ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Granger Causality Tests ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Yearly Data

The time series yearly data for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation and unemployment from 1980 to 2012 was used in the study. First difference of the logged data became stationary as suggested by the time series plots. Johansen Maximum Likelihood Cointegration test indicated a long-run relationship among the variables. Granger Causality tests suggested unidirectional causality between inflation and GDP, implying that GDP is Granger caused by inflation in Zimbabwe. Another unidirectional causality was noted between unemployment and inflation. The causality between unemployment and inflation imply that unemployment do affect GDP indirectly since unemployment influences inflation which in turn positively affect GDP.

The Relationship of U.S. Aid, Trade and Investment to Migration Pressures in Major Sending Countries

1982 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
Final Impact

It has often been suggested that U.S. foreign economic policies, including the areas of aid, trade and investment, could be utilized to influence migration pressures in major sending countries. This study explores the feasibility of this proposition by examining the linkages between these U.S. economic instruments and migration “push” factors. These linkages are shown to be indirect, are often quite complex, and the final impact on migration, except perhaps in the long run, is probably small in most cases.

scholarly journals The relationship of household debt and growth in the short and long run

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco J. Lombardi ◽  
Madhusudan Mohanty ◽  
Ilhyock Shim
Keyword(s):  
Household Debt ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

DECOMPOSITION OF ECONOMIC RELATIONSHIPS BY TIMESCALE USING WAVELETS

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Ramsey ◽  
Camille Lampart
Keyword(s):  
Economic Time Series ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Time Aggregation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Economic Time ◽  
Granger Causality Tests ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Economists have long known that timescale matters in that the structure of decisions as to the relevant time horizon, degree of time aggregation, strength of relationship, and even the relevant variables differ by timescale. Unfortunately, until recently it was difficult to decompose economic time series into orthogonal timescale components except for the short or long run in which the former is dominated by noise. Wavelets are used to produce an orthogonal decomposition of some economic variables by timescale over six different timescales. The relationship of interest is that between money and income, i.e., velocity. We confirm that timescale decomposition is very important for analyzing economic relationships. The analysis indicates the importance of recognizing variations in phase between variables when investigating the relationships between them and throws considerable light on the conflicting results that have been obtained in the literature using Granger causality tests.

scholarly journals Footprint of Personality Characteristics on Financing Objectives: The Arbitrating capacity of Risk Attitude and the Moderating capacity of Investment Savvy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-169
Author(s):  
Javed Hussain ◽  
Tariq Mehmood Dar ◽  
Neelofer Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

The following study clarifies the role of risk attitude in revolving the relationship between Financing Objectives and personality characteristics and the moderating role of investment savvy between risk attitude and financing objectives by the particular sample size of 200 students. The participants of the study belonged from finance background. To simplify the collected data, the regression analyses was utilized in a flow to implicate the effect upon the dependent variables of the independent variables. To get more enhanced results, the mediator and the moderator were uplifted. Hence by, the results revealed that individuals who are activity, determined, and sympathy towards others are more willing to opt for STFO (short term financing objectives). Whilst, in long run extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness, and conscientiousness traits are more inclined towards LTFO (long term financing objectives). Moreover, the study further mentions that STFO and LTFO are not much affected by investment savvy of an individuals. Nonetheless, the investment savvy is not really bothered by the relationship of financing objectives and risk attitude.

scholarly journals Tax Revenue and Government Expenditure in Sri Lanka: An Econometric AEG Testing Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L.M. Aslam
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
The Government ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cointegration Relationship

In the global economic administration, tax revenue has been identified as the engine of the government expenditure, but the relationship of them was not investigated econometrically, this situation formulated a research gap for tasting the relationship of them. The aim of this study was to examine the Cointegration relationship among the tax revenue and the government expenditure in Sri Lanka. This study considered two time series variables such as the tax revenue and the government expenditure. The tax revenue was considered as the independent variable and the government expenditure was considered as the dependent variable. The sample period of this study was from 1950 to 2013.The Cointegration technique was used to check the long run relationship and the Error Correction Mechanism was employed to investigate the short run behavior of the tax revenue on the government expenditure. According to the empirical results, the R-squared of the estimated model was 0.99. In the meantime, the Durbin Watson statistics was 0.828. However, this model did not suffer from the spurious problem because the residual of this model was stationary. The tax revenue has sustained positive relationship with government expenditure. And also, the partial coefficients of tax revenue and its probability values in the estimated model were 0.695 (0.000) in short run and 1.031 (0.000) in long run periods. Therefore, the tax revenue and government expenditure had cointegrated at level form I(0) and maintained the long and short run relationship between them.

scholarly journals GDP and Public Expenditure in Education, Health, and Defense. Empirical Research for Greece

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 2319
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Efthalitsidou ◽  
Eleni Zafeiriou ◽  
Konstantinos Spinthiropoulos ◽  
Ioannis Betsas ◽  
Nikolaos Sariannidis
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Public Expenditure In Education

Wagner Law and Keynesian approaches are the two fundamental theories of public finance. The aim of this study is to assess empirical evidence for the public spending–national income relationship at a disaggregated level for the time period 1995–2019. The sectoral public expenditures include education, health, and defense. The data employed were derived by EUROSTAT and OECD. Based on our findings, a sole relationship of the variables was validated, while the causality of the relationship provides conflict results depending on whether two-variate or multivariate methodology is employed. In the case of the multivariate framework that outperforms the two-variate approach in terms of information, the causality is directed from government expenses to the GDP level, validating the Keynesian approach in the long run as well as in the short run. On the other hand, the results validate Wagner Law based on the results of Granger causality pairwise test. A potential interpreatation for the results found is related to the measures imposed by the Memorandum, since the disproportionate cuts of the public expenses in the period of crisis have determined the evolution of national income. The scientific value of the presents study stands on the suggestion of potential effective measures aiming at the limitation of national income shrinkage in periods of severe economic crises worldwide.

scholarly journals Modes of Islamic financing and aggregate economic output: evidence from Islamic banking industry of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 190 (5-6(2)) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Adil Saleem ◽  
◽  
Judit Sági ◽  
Judit Bárczi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Conventional Banks ◽  
Asset Quality ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

With the evolution of Islamic banking, the economic impact of Islamic finance has been studied by many authors. Islamic banks significantly differ from conventional banks in terms of underlying contracts. The asset side of Islamic banks is composed of different modes of financing, which can be categorized at participatory and non-participatory modes of financing. This study aims to examine the relationship of modes of Islamic financing in connection to the real economic output of Pakistan. Using quarterly data from 2005 to 2019, we use autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model to analyze the impact of modes of Islamic financing and industrial output. Our findings reveal that non-participatory modes of Islamic financing play a significant role in deriving a healthy aggregate economic output. Therefore, Industrial production found to have a significant positive long run relationship with non-participatory Islamic financing. However, financing modes based on partnership does not have significant impact on total industrial production. The results also show that poor asset quality hinders the production process in the long run and decreases the economic outcome.

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