Enzyme-Assisted Fucoidan Extraction from Brown Macroalgae Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens and Saccharina latissima

Fucoidans from brown macroalgae (brown seaweeds) have different structures and many interesting bioactivities. Fucoidans are classically extracted from brown seaweeds by hot acidic extraction. Here, we report a new targeted enzyme-assisted methodology for fucoidan extraction from brown seaweeds. This enzyme-assisted extraction protocol involves a one-step combined use of a commercial cellulase preparation (Cellic®CTec2) and an alginate lyase from Sphingomonas sp. (SALy), reaction at pH 6.0, 40 °C, removal of non-fucoidan polysaccharides by Ca2+ precipitation, and ethanol-precipitation of crude fucoidan. The workability of this method is demonstrated for fucoidan extraction from Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens (basionym Fucus evanescens) and Saccharina latissima as compared with mild acidic extraction. The crude fucoidans resulting directly from the enzyme-assisted method contained considerable amounts of low molecular weight alginate, but this residual alginate was effectively removed by an additional ion-exchange chromatographic step to yield pure fucoidans (as confirmed by 1H NMR). The fucoidan yields that were obtained by the enzymatic method were comparable to the chemically extracted yields for both F. evanescens and S. latissima, but the molecular sizes of the fucoidans were significantly larger with enzyme-assisted extraction. The molecular weight distribution of the fucoidan fractions was 400 to 800 kDa for F. evanescens and 300 to 800 kDa for S. latissima, whereas the molecular weights of the corresponding chemically extracted fucoidans from these seaweeds were 10–100 kDa and 50–100 kDa, respectively. Enzyme-assisted extraction represents a new gentle strategy for fucoidan extraction and it provides new opportunities for obtaining high yields of native fucoidan structures from brown macroalgae.

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cis-1,4 Selective Coordination Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene and Copolymerization with Polar 2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadiene by Acenaphthene-Based α-Diimine Cobalt Complexes Featuring Intra-Ligand π-π Stacking Interactions

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13193329 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 3329

Author(s):

Beibei Wang ◽

Heng Liu ◽

Tao Tang ◽

Xuequan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Cobalt Complexes ◽

Stacking Interactions ◽

Water Contact ◽

Coordination Polymerization ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Angle Measurements ◽

Π Stacking ◽

High Yields ◽

Polar Monomer

Highly cis-1,4 selective (up to 98%) coordination–insertion polymerization of 1,3-butadiene (BD) has been achieved herein using acenaphthene-based α-diimine cobalt complexes. Due to the presence of intra-ligand π-π stacking interactions, the complexes revealed high thermostability, affording polybutadiene products in high yields. Moreover, all of the obtained polymers possessed a relatively narrow molecular weight distribution as well as high molecular weight (up to 92.2 × 104 Dalton). The molecular weights of the resultant polybutadienes could be finely tuned by varying polymerization parameters, including temperature, Al/Co ratio, etc. Moreover, the copolymerization of butadiene with polar monomer 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-butadiene (2-MOPB) was also successfully realized to produce a type of polar cis-1,4 polybutadiene (cis-1,4 content: up to 98.1%) with a range of 2-MOPB content (0.46–1.83%). Water contact angle measurements indicated that the insertion of a polar monomer into a polymer chain could significantly improve the polymer’s surface property.

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Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from brown seaweeds and characterization

Journal of Applied Phycology ◽

10.1007/s10811-019-01906-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 615-629 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sabeena Farvin K. Habeebullah ◽

Surendraraj Alagarsamy ◽

Zainab Sattari ◽

Sakinah Al-Haddad ◽

Saja Fakhraldeen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Brown Seaweeds ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Enzyme Assisted Extraction

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Enzyme-assisted extraction of carbohydrates from the brown alga Ecklonia radiata : Effect of enzyme type, pH and buffer on sugar yield and molecular weight profiles

Process Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.014 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (10) ◽

pp. 1503-1510 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Suvimol Charoensiddhi ◽

Andrew J. Lorbeer ◽

Jelle Lahnstein ◽

Vincent Bulone ◽

Christopher M.M. Franco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Brown Alga ◽

Sugar Yield ◽

Ecklonia Radiata ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Enzyme Assisted Extraction

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Enhancing the Extraction of Polysaccharides and Antioxidants from Macroalgae Using Sequential Hydrothermal-Assisted Extraction Followed by Ultrasound and Thermal Technologies

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17080457 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Marco Garcia-Vaquero ◽

John V. O’Doherty ◽

Brijesh K. Tiwari ◽

Torres Sweeney ◽

Gaurav Rajauria

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Principal Component ◽

Laminaria Hyperborea ◽

Brown Macroalgae ◽

Sulphated Polysaccharides ◽

Residual Biomass ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

Wide Range ◽

Four Levels ◽

High Yields

Fucose sulphated polysaccharides (FSPs) and glucans have recently attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their wide range of biological activities. Both polysaccharides should ideally be selectively extracted using innovative technologies with high extraction efficiency. This study aims to: (1) Optimise the extraction variables used in hydrothermal-assisted extraction (HAE) to obtain high yields of FSPs, total glucans, and antioxidants from Laminaria hyperborea; (2) to apply these optimised protocols to other brown macroalgae; and (3) to explore the application of ultrasound and thermal technologies to increase the recovery of polysaccharides from the residual biomass. Box-Behnken design (three-factor, four-levels) was employed to optimise the HAE variables, and principal component analysis was used to evaluate the recovery of polysaccharides from the residual biomass. The optimal HAE conditions were 120 °C, 80.9 min, and 12.02 mL/g macroalgae from L. hyperborea. The best sequential application of ultrasound and thermal treatment achieved an additional 2971.7 ± 61.9 mg fucose/100 g dried macroalgal residue (dmr) from Ascophyllum nodosum and 908.0 ± 51.4 mg total glucans/100 g dmr from L. hyperborea macroalgal residues.

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Synthesis of α,ω-bis(3-aminopropyldiethoxylsilane) Poly(tri fluoropropylmethyl)siloxanes

e-Polymers ◽

10.1515/epoly.2007.7.1.481 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhendong Shi ◽

Xinling Wang

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Ring Opening ◽

Reaction Rate ◽

Ring Opening Polymerization ◽

Step Process ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

H Nmr ◽

One Step ◽

Ft Ir ◽

High Yields

AbstractHigh molecular weight α,ω-bis(3-aminopropyldiethoxylsilane) poly(tri fluoropropylmethyl)siloxanes (APTFPMS) were prepared via a “one-step” process, based on the ring-opening polymerization of 1,3,5-tris(trifluoropropylmethyl) cyclotrisiloxane (F3) in the presence of water and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). GPC, FT-IR and 1H NMR confirmed the structure of the polymers. It was found that the amount of APTES had significant influence on the reaction rate and the molecular weights of polymers decreased with the increasing amount of water. It was probably because both water and the amino group of APTES favoured generation of hydroxyl ions, which efficiently initiate the polymerization of F3 to achieve APTFPMS. In order to verify this mechanism, another “two-step” process was also performed: Firstly the α,ω-dihydroxylated poly(trifluoropropylmethyl) siloxanes were synthesized from F3 catalyzed by both diaminoethane and water, then reacted with APTES to achieve APTFPMS. All the syntheses had high yields and the molecular weight of the polymers ranged from 2000 to 25000.

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Investigation by HPLC of the Catabolism of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Rat

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647645 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 60 (01) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Roy Harris ◽

Louis Garcia Frade ◽

Lesley J Creighton ◽

Paul S Gascoine ◽

Maher M Alexandroni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽

Half Life ◽

Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator ◽

Rat Plasma ◽

High Molecular Weight Complex ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Major Activity ◽

Tissue Plasminogen

SummaryThe catabolism of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was investigated after injection of radiolabelled material into rats. Both Iodogen and Chloramine T iodination procedures yielded similar biological activity loss in the resultant labelled rt-PA and had half lives in the rat circulation of 1 and 3 min respectively. Complex formation of rt-PA was investigated by HPLC gel exclusion (TSK G3000 SW) fractionation of rat plasma samples taken 1-2 min after 125I-rt-PA injection. A series of radiolabelled complexes of varying molecular weights were found. However, 60% of the counts were associated with a single large molecular weight complex (350–500 kDa) which was undetectable by immunologically based assays (ELISA and BIA) and showed only low activity with a functional promoter-type t-PA assay. Two major activity peaks in the HPLC fractions were associated with Tree t-PA and a complex having a molecular weight of ̴ 180 kDa. HPLC fractionation to produce these three peaks at various timed intervals after injection of 125I-rt-PA showed each to have a similar initial rate half life in the rat circulation of 4-5 min. The function of these complexes as yet is unclear but since a high proportion of rt-PA is associated with a high molecular weight complex with a short half life in the rat, we suggest that the formation of this complex may be a mechanism by which t-PA activity is initially regulated and finally cleared from the rat circulation.

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Permeability Enhancing and Chemotactic Activities of Lower Molecular Weight Degradation Products of Human Fibrinogen

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1650136 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 45 (01) ◽

pp. 090-094 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Katsuo Sueishi ◽

Shigeru Nanno ◽

Kenzo Tanaka

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Electron Microscopic Observation ◽

Chemotactic Activity ◽

Lower Molecular Weight ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Human Fibrinogen ◽

Rabbit Skin ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Active Fragments

SummaryFibrinogen degradation products were investigated for leukocyte chemotactic activity and for enhancement of vascular permeability. Both activities increased progressively with plasmin digestion of fibrinogen. Active fragments were partially purified from 24 hr-plasmin digests. Molecular weights of the permeability increasing and chemotactic activity fractions were 25,000-15,000 and 25,000 respectively. Both fractions had much higher activities than the fragment X, Y, D or E. Electron microscopic observation of the small blood vessels in rabbit skin correlated increased permeability with the formation of characteristic gaps between adjoining endothelial cells and their contraction.These findings suggest that lower molecular weight degradation products of fibrinogen may be influential in contributing to granulocytic infiltration and enhanced permeability in lesions characterized by deposits of fibrin and/or fibrinogen.

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Toxicity of Heparinoids, with Special Reference to the Precipitation of Fibrinogen

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655587 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 12 (01) ◽

pp. 232-261 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S Sasaki ◽

T Takemoto ◽

S Oka

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Dextran Sulfate ◽

Anticoagulant Activity ◽

Molecular Structures ◽

Severe Reaction ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Molecular Weights ◽

Close Relationship

SummaryTo demonstrate whether the intravascular precipitation of fibrinogen is responsible for the toxicity of heparinoid, the relation between the toxicity of heparinoid in vivo and the precipitation of fibrinogen in vitro was investigated, using dextran sulfate of various molecular weights and various heparinoids.1. There are close relationships between the molecular weight of dextran sulfate, its toxicity, and the quantity of fibrinogen precipitated.2. The close relationship between the toxicity and the precipitation of fibrinogen found for dextran sulfate holds good for other heparinoids regardless of their molecular structures.3. Histological findings suggest strongly that the pathological changes produced with dextran sulfate are caused primarily by the intravascular precipitates with occlusion of the capillaries.From these facts, it is concluded that the precipitates of fibrinogen with heparinoid may be the cause or at least the major cause of the toxicity of heparinoid.4. The most suitable molecular weight of dextran sulfate for clinical use was found to be 5,300 ~ 6,700, from the maximum value of the product (LD50 · Anticoagulant activity). This product (LD50 · Anticoagulant activity) can be employed generally to assess the comparative merits of various heparinoids.5. Clinical use of the dextran sulfate prepared on this basis gave satisfactory results. No severe reaction was observed. However, two delayed reactions, alopecia and thrombocytopenia, were observed. These two reactions seem to come from the cause other than intravascular precipitation.

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Molecular Weights of Factor VIII (AHF) and Factor IX (PTC) by Electron Irradiation

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1655426 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 08 (02) ◽

pp. 270-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David L Aronson ◽

John W Preiss ◽

Michael W Mosesson

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Electron Irradiation ◽

Factor Ix ◽

Molecular Weights

SummaryThe molecular weights of AHF (factor VIII) and of PTC (factor IX) have been estimated by their sensitivity to inactivation by 7 kilovolt electrons. The molecular weight of AHF was found to be 180 000 by this method and that of PTC was found to be 110 000.

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Sustainable Processing of Floral Bio-Residues of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for Valuable Biorefinery Products

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 523

Author(s):

Stefania Stelluti ◽

Matteo Caser ◽

Sonia Demasi ◽

Valentina Scariot

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Crocus Sativus ◽

Extraction Technique ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Average Value ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

High Yields ◽

Crocus Sativus L

Tepals constitute the most abundant bio-residues of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). As they are a natural source of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, they could be processed to generate valuable biorefinery products for applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, becoming a new source of income while reducing bio-waste. Proper storage of by-products is important in biorefining and dehydration is widely used in the herb sector, especially for highly perishable harvested flowers. This study aimed to deepen the phytochemical composition of dried saffron tepals and to investigate whether this was influenced by the extraction technique. In particular, the conventional maceration was compared with the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), using different solvents (water and three methanol concentrations, i.e., 20%, 50%, and 80%). Compared to the spice, the dried saffron tepals showed a lower content of total phenolics (average value 1127.94 ± 32.34 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW) and anthocyanins (up to 413.30 ± 137.16 mg G3G 100 g−1 DW), but a higher antioxidant activity, which was measured through the FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected some phenolic compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin) not previously found in fresh saffron tepals. Vitamin C, already discovered in the spice, was interestingly detected also in dried tepals. Regarding the extraction technique, in most cases, UAE with safer solvents (i.e., water or low percentage of methanol) showed results of phenolic compounds and vitamin C similar to maceration, allowing an improvement in extractions by halving the time. Thus, this study demonstrated that saffron tepals can be dried maintaining their quality and that green extractions can be adopted to obtain high yields of valuable antioxidant phytochemicals, meeting the requirement for a sustainable biorefining.

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