scholarly journals COVID-19 and Its Repercussions on Oral Health: A Review

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1189
Author(s):  
Laura-Cristina Rusu ◽  
Lavinia Cosmina Ardelean ◽  
Codruta Victoria Tigmeanu ◽  
Anamaria Matichescu ◽  
Iulia Sauciur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
World Health ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Ocular Symptoms ◽  
Health Organization

In 2019, a new type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of COVID-19, was first detected in Wuhan, China. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic. The manifestations of COVID-19 are mostly age-dependent and potentially more severe in cases with involved co-morbidities. The gravity of the symptoms depends on the clinical stage of the infection. The most common symptoms include runny nose and nasal congestion, anosmia, dysgeusia or hypogeusia, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, respiratory distress, fatigue, ocular symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. These systemic conditions are often accompanied by skin and mucosal lesions. Oral lesions reported in patients with COVID-19 include: herpex simplex, candidiasis, geographic tongue, aphthous-like ulcers, hemorrhagic ulcerations, necrotic ulcerations, white hairy tongue, reddish macules, erythematous surfaces, petechiae, and pustular enanthema. It is still unclear if these manifestations are a direct result of the viral infection, a consequence of systemic deterioration, or adverse reactions to treatments. Poor oral hygiene in hospitalized or quarantined COVID-19 patients should also be considered as an aggravating condition. This narrative review is focused on presenting the most relevant data from the literature regarding oral manifestations related to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the challenges faced by the dental system during this pandemic. A routine intraoral examination is recommended in COVID-19 patients, either suspected or confirmed, as, in certain cases, oral manifestations represent a sign of severe infection or even of a life-threatening condition. It is our belief that extensive knowledge of all possible manifestations, including oral lesions, in cases of COVID-19 is of great importance in the present uncertain context, including new, currently emerging viral variants with unknown future impact.

scholarly journals Covid-19 Pandemic Era: Is It Time To Promote Home Dialysis And Peritoneal Dialysis?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Cozzolino ◽  
Ferruccio Conte ◽  
Fulvia Zappulo ◽  
Paola Ciceri ◽  
Andrea Galassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Infection ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Home Dialysis ◽  
Renal Replacement Therapies ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Immunologic Diseases ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT The novel coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a pandemic on March 2020, by the World Health Organization. Older individuals and patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, lung disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and immunologic diseases are at higher risk of contracting this severe infection. In particular, patients with advanced CKD constitute a vulnerable population and a challenge in the prevention and control of the disease. Home-based renal replacement therapies offer opportunity to manage patients remotely, thus reducing the likelihood of infection due to direct human interaction. Patients are seen less frequently, limiting the close interaction between patients and healthcare workers who may contract and spread the disease. On the other hand, while home dialysis is reasonable selection at his time due to the advantage of isolation of patients, measures must be assured to implement the program. Despite its logistical benefits, outpatient hemodialysis also presents certain challenges during times of crises such as COVID 19 pandemic and potentially future ones.

scholarly journals Clinical signs of trachoma are prevalent among Solomon Islanders who have no persistent markers of prior infection with Chlamydia trachomatis

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Robert Butcher ◽  
Oliver Sokana ◽  
Kelvin Jack ◽  
Leslie Sui ◽  
Charles Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Sexual Debut ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health Organization

Background: The low population-prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis and high prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) provide contradictory estimates of the magnitude of the public health threat from trachoma in the Solomon Islands. Improved characterisation of the biology of trachoma in the region may support policy makers as they decide what interventions are required. Here, age-specific profiles of anti-Pgp3 antibodies and conjunctival scarring were examined to determine whether there is evidence of ongoing transmission and pathology from ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection. Methods: A total of 1511 individuals aged ≥1 year were enrolled from randomly selected households in 13 villages in which >10% of children aged 1–9 years had TF prior to a single round of azithromycin mass drug administration undertaken six months previously. Blood was collected to be screened for antibodies to the Ct antigen Pgp3. Tarsal conjunctival photographs were collected for analysis of scarring severity. Results: Anti-Pgp3 seropositivity was 18% in 1–9 year olds, sharply increasing around the age of sexual debut to reach 69% in those over 25 years. Anti-Pgp3 seropositivity did not increase significantly between the ages of 1–9 years and was not associated with TF (p=0.581) or scarring in children (p=0.472). Conjunctival scars were visible in 13.1% of photographs. Mild (p<0.0001) but not severe (p=0.149) scars increased in prevalence with age. Conclusions: Neither conjunctival scars nor lymphoid follicles were associated with antibodies to Ct, suggesting that they are unlikely to be a direct result of ocular Ct infection. Clinical signs of trachoma were prevalent in this population but were not indicative of the underlying rates of Ct infection. The current World Health Organization guidelines for trachoma elimination indicated that this population should receive intervention with mass distribution of antibiotics, but the data presented here suggest that this may not have been appropriate.

scholarly journals Oral Manifestations in HIV/AIDSInfected Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Mugisha Rwenyonyi ◽  
Annet Kutesa ◽  
Louis Muwazi ◽  
Isaac Okullo ◽  
Arabat Kasangaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Cervical Lymphadenopathy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mulago Hospital ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Oral Manifestations

ABSTRACTObjectives: To assess factors influencing the distribution of oral manifestations in HIV/AIDS-infected children attending the Paediatric Infectious Disease Clinic in Mulago Hospital, Kampala. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study comprising 237 children (males/females: 113/124) aged 1 to 12 years. The parents/guardians were interviewed to obtain demographic information, oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and health seeking behaviours as well as any medications taken. The children were clinically examined for oral lesions based on World Health Organization criteria with modifications. Results: About 71.7% of the children cleaned their teeth. About 16.9% of the children had visited a dentist since birth, mainly for emergency care. One or more oral lesions were recorded in 73% of the children of whom 19.0% experienced discomfort during oral functions. Cervical lymphadenopathy, oral candidiasis and gingivitis were the most common soft tissue oral lesions: 60.8%, 28.3% and 19.0%, respectively. Except for dental caries, the overall frequency distribution of soft tissue oral lesions was significantly lower in children on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) as compared to their counterparts not on HAART. The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous and permanent dentitions was 42.2% and 11.0%, respectively. Tooth brushing and previous visits to the dentist were indirectly and significantly associated with dental caries. About 5.9% (n=14) of the children had <200 CD3 + CD4 T-lymphocyte cells per μl of blood. Conclusions: The majority of the children had one or more oral lesions, particularly in the group not on HAART. Some of the lesions were associated with discomfort during oral functions. (Eur J Dent 2011;5:291-298)

scholarly journals Incorporation of differentiated dysplasia improves prediction of oral leukoplakia at increased risk of malignant progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon J. Wils ◽  
Jos B. Poell ◽  
Ilkay Evren ◽  
Marit S. Koopman ◽  
Elisabeth R. E. A. Brouns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Malignant Transformation ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Malignant Progression ◽  
Oral Leukoplakia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractOral leukoplakia is the most common oral potentially malignant disorder with a malignant transformation rate into oral squamous cell carcinoma of 1–3% annually. The presence and grade of World Health Organization defined dysplasia is an important histological marker to assess the risk for malignant transformation, but is not sufficiently accurate to personalize treatment and surveillance. Differentiated dysplasia, known from differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, is hitherto not used in oral dysplasia grading. We hypothesized that assessing differentiated dysplasia besides World Health Organization defined (classic) dysplasia will improve risk assessment of malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia. We investigated a retrospective cohort consisting of 84 oral leukoplakia patients. Biopsies were assessed for dysplasia presence and grade, and the expression of keratins 13 (CK13) and 17, known to be dysregulated in dysplastic vulvar mucosa. In dysplastic oral lesions, differentiated dysplasia is as common as classic dysplasia. In 25 out of 84 (30%) patients, squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract developed during follow-up. Considering only classic dysplasia, 11 out of 56 (20%) patients with nondysplastic lesions progressed. With the incorporation of differentiated dysplasia, only 2 out of 30 (7%) patients with nondysplastic lesions progressed. The risk of progression increased from 3.26 (Hazard ratio, p = 0.002) when only classic dysplasia is considered to 7.43 (Hazard ratio, p = 0.001) when classic and differentiated dysplasia are combined. Loss of CK13, combined with presence of dysplasia, is associated with greater risk of malignant progression (p = 0.006). This study demonstrates that differentiated dysplasia should be recognized as a separate type of dysplasia in the oral mucosa and that its distinction from classic dysplasia is of pathological and clinical significance since it is a strong (co)prognostic histopathological marker for oral malignant transformation. In oral lesions without dysplasia and retained CK13 staining the risk for progression is very low.

scholarly journals Fluorescência óptica no diagnóstico de lesões em colo cervical - revisão de literatura

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Garutti Pereira ◽  
Jessica Gielize Fernandes da Silva ◽  
Daiane Fernanda Pereira Mastrocola Bizelli ◽  
Luciana Estevam Simonato
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ft Raman

O câncer de colo uterino ainda hoje é um problema de saúde pública em muitas partes do mundo. No Brasil, é o terceiro tumor maligno mais frequente entre as mulheres. Uma das causas pontadas como percussor desse câncer é o HPV, principalmente, quando correlacionado a outros fatores de riscos e estilo de vida. Sua cura é altamente possível desde que se tenha um diagnóstico rápido e preciso. Na maioria dos casos, as alterações celulares no colo uterino são descobertas facilmente no exame preventivo conhecido como Papanicolau. Outro método que pode ser utilizado para esta detecção precoce de lesões em colo cervical é a fluorescência óptica que não é invasivo e vem sendo amplamente utilizado no diagnóstico de lesões bucais e de pele. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura sobre a aplicação da fluorescência óptica no diagnóstico de lesões em colo cervical.Descritores: Fluorescência; Neoplasias do Colo do Útero; Diagnóstico.ReferênciasINCA. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância (Conprev) Falando sobre câncer do colo do útero. Rio de Janeiro: MS/INCA, 2002.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Instituto Nacional de Câncer. Coordenação de Prevenção e Vigilância. Estimativa 2018: incidência de câncer no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: INCA; 2017.WHO. World Health Organization. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer. 2016. Disponível em: <http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs380/en/>. Acesso em: 02 set. 2017.Martins LTF, Fraga CDS, Andrade MS, Santos KJS, Paixão GPN, Bittencourt IS. Caracterização de mulheres com lesão pré-maligna ou maligna no exame papanicolaou. Rev Enferm UFPE.2017;11(9):3360-68.Moreira TR, Lima ACS, Santos MA, Auler ME, Turkiewicz M, Chaves MAF, Plewka J. Perfil das mulheres usuárias do SUS com lesões intraepiteliais em um município do oeste do Paraná. Arq Ciênc Saúde UNIPAR. 2017;21(3):181-86.Guarisi R, Hardy E, Derchain SFM, Fonsechi-Carvasan GA, Borges JBR. Rastreamento diagnóstico e tratamento das lesões precursoras e do câncer invasor de colo uterino no município de Franco da Rocha, SP. Rev bras cancerol. 2004;50(1):7-15Lima TM, Lessa PR, Freitas LV, Teles LMR, Aquino OS, Damasceno AKC et al. Análise da capacidade diagnóstica dos exames preventivos do câncer de colo uterino. Acta paul enferm. 2012;25(5):673-78.Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Conduta INCA/MS - Câncer do colo do útero. Rev  bras cancerol. 2000;46(4):351-54.Trindade GB, Manenti AS, Simões PW, Madeira K. Avaliação do rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero e sua periodicidade em um município de Santa Catarina. Medicina. 2017;50(1):1-10.Acosta DF, Dantas TS, Cazeiro CC, Acosta DF, Gomes VLO. Vivenciando o exame papanicolau: entre o (não) querer e o fazer. Rev enferm UFPE. 2017;11(8):3031-38.Derchain SFM, Longatto Filho A, Syrjanen KJ. Neoplasia intraepitelial cervical: diagnóstico e tratamento. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2005;27(7):425-33.Lins B, Sartor BC, Scariot PK, Tusset C. Citologia oncótica: aplicabilidade e atuação do profissional biomédico na área. In: Congresso de Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade da Serra Gaúcha. Caxias do Sul. 2014;318-27.Giraldo BS. Espectroscopia óptica de fluorescência aplicada ao soporte de diagnóstico médico de précanceres de tejidos de cuello uterino [tese]. Manizales: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Fac Ingenieria y Arquitetura;2009.Coelho VHM. Fluorescência óptica no diagnóstico de lesões teciduais [tese]. São Carlos: Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Química de São Carlos;2005.Yassoyama MCBM. Estudo do colo uterino por Espectroscopia FT-Raman [dissertação]. São José dos Campos: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba;2006.Ricci HA, Pratavieira S, Brugnera Junior A, Bagnato VS, Kurachi C. Ampliando a visão bucal com fluorescência óptica. Rev Assoc Paul Cir Dent. 2013;67(2):129-35.Simonato LE, Tomo S, Miyahara GI, Navarro RS, Villaverde AGJB. Fluorescence visualization efficacy for detecting oral lesions more prone to be dysplastic and potenttially malignant disorders: a pilot study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;17(1):1-4.Corti MA, Garavalia MJ. Biopsia optica. Descrición general y resultados preliminares por espectroscopia optica e autoflorescencia. Externos. 2015;1(1):707-10.

scholarly journals Tuberculous pericarditis in adolescents: A case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-15
Author(s):  
Winda Paramitha ◽  
Indah Kartika Murni ◽  
Eggi Arguni ◽  
Dwikisworo Setyowireni
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
Tuberculous Pericarditis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Treatment Adequacy

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of childhood mortality, especially in endemic areas. In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated 550,000 new cases and 80,000 deaths due to TB among children. Around 70-80% of the cases were pulmonary TB, while the rest were extra-pulmonary TB.1 Tuberculous pericarditis accounts for only 8% of all TB cases, however, tuberculosis is the main cause of pericarditis in high-TB-burden countries, including Indonesia.2 The mortality rate reached 17-40% and is affected by treatment adequacy.3 Without adequate therapy, the mean life expectancy is 3.7 months, with only 20% surviving to the sixth month.4 A 2004 study reported that successful treatment of TB in children depends on several factors, such as treatment compliance, timing and accuracy of diagnosis, concurrent human immunodeficency virus (HIV) infection and its clinical stage of disease, malnutrition, and drug resistance.5 Adolescents and young adults are at the highest risks of having TB.6 We report here on three cases of tuberculous pericarditis in adolescents and their outcomes following pericardiocentesis and medication.

scholarly journals SARS-COV2 Associated Oral Lesions- A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 431-468
Author(s):  
Das Moumalini ◽  
Banerjee Abhishek ◽  
Singh Dharvind Kumar ◽  
Karar Chandan Kumar ◽  
. Abhinandan
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Lesions ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Many Body ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Kidney Liver

Introduction: COVID-19 disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus and it was declared pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11,2020. The coronavirus infection has an affinity for ACE2 receptors and by attaching to them, the virus enters the host cells. Along with many body organs like lungs, kidney, liver, upper respiratory tract, nervous system, skeletal muscles, ACE2 concentration is also found in abundance in epithelial cells of tongue and salivary glands. Materials and Methods: Recent studies, researches, documents and case reports published in the world medical literature in the year 2020-2021 were searched and documented in our study. The search engines used were PUBMED, google scholar, WEB OF SCIENCE etc. Results: Dysgeusia, xerostomia, sore throat, aphthous and herpetiform ulcers, candidiasis, enanthema, Kawasaki like lesions were the most common among various oral manifestations. Others includes plaque like changes, gingival inflammation, necrotizing gingivitis, erythema -multiforme, angina-bullosa like lesions, Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome, Oral mucormycosis etc.The sites of infection mainly include tongue, gingiva, hard and soft palate, buccal and labial mucosa etc. Conclusion: The etiopathogenesis of such lesions cannot be directly corelated with COVID-19 and factors such as stress, immunosuppression, co-infections, secondary lesions, opportunistic infections, systemic diseases, poor oral hygiene etc. must be considered. Management of stress is an important factor. In this review article various oral lesions are discussed in COVID-19 infection states in detail. The importance of earliest diagnosis of oral lesions is to be kept in mind to prevent further complications.

scholarly journals Manifestasi Oral Infeksi COVID-19

e-GIGI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Yobel R. Woran ◽  
Lydia E. N. Tendean ◽  
Christy N. Mintjelungan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Oral Manifestations ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Dental Instruments ◽  
Patients Experience

Abstract: The COVID-19 outbreak is caused by SARS-CoV-2 that spread rapidly throughout the world. The most common clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are fever, fatigue, and dry cough. Some patients experience nasal congestion, runny nose, headache, conjunctivitis, sore throat, diarrhea, skin rash, loss of smell and taste. Oral manifestations of COVID-19 infection are also reported. Dentists are prone to cross-infections of several infectious diseases because they are often exposed to saliva and blood. These viruses are transmitted through inhalation of aerosols and droplets containing the viruses or direct contact with mucous membranes, oral fluids, dental instruments, and surfaces contaminated with the virus. This study was aimed to determine the oral manifestations of COVID-19 infection. This was a literature review study searching three databases, namely Pubmed, ClinicalKey and Google Scholar. The keywords used were oral AND manifestations AND COVID-19. Selection based on inclusion and exclusion criteria was carried out by critical appraisal. There were eight literatures in the form of case reports. The results showed that oral manifestations commonly found in patients with clinical COVID-19 were ulcers, petechiae, macules, and plaques with variations in quantity, color appearance, and localization. Lesions were found on the palate, tongue, labial mucosa, gingiva, lips, and oropharynx. In conclusion, oral manifestations could be found in clinical COVID-19 patients, however, it is not certain whether these manifestations are directly caused by SARS-CoV-2 or are as secondary manifestations.Keywords: oral manifestations; COVID-19 Abstrak: Wabah COVID-19 disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 yang menyebar dengan cepat hingga ke seluruh dunia. Infeksi COVID-19 mempunyai manifestasi klinis paling umum seperti demam, rasa lelah, dan batuk kering. Beberapa pasien mengalami hidung tersumbat, pilek, nyeri kepala, konjungtivitis, sakit tenggorokan, diare, ruam kulit, hilang penciuman dan pengecapan. Bahkan terdapat laporan penemuan manifestasi oral pada infeksi COVID-19. Dokter gigi sebagai profesi yang rentan terjadi infeksi silang beberapa penyakit menular karena sering terpapar dengan saliva dan darah. Virus ini memungkinkan terjadinya penularan lewat terhirupnya aerosol dan droplet yang mengandung virus atau kontak langsung dengan membran mukosa, cairan mulut, instrumen kedokteran gigi dan permukaan yang terkontaminasi virus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manifestasi oral infeksi COVID-19. Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review dengan pencarian menggunakan tiga database yaitu Pubmed, ClinicalKey dan Google Scholar. Kata kunci yang digunakan yaitu oral AND manifestations AND COVID-19. Setelah seleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi dilakukan critical appraisal dan didapatkan delapan literatur yang berupa laporan kasus.Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa manifestasi oral pada pasien klinis COVID-19 yang sering ditemukan, seperti ulkus, petekie, makula, dan plak dengan variasi kuantitas, penampakan warna, dan lokalisasi. Lokasi lesi ditemukan pada palatum, lidah, mukosa labial, gingiva, bibir dan orofaring. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah manifestasi oral dapat ditemukan pada pasien klinis COVID-19 tetapi belum diketahui pasti apakah secara langsung disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 atau merupakan manifestasi sekunder.Kata kunci: manifestasi oral; COVID-19

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