scholarly journals Membrane and Electrochemical Processes for Water Desalination: A Short Perspective and the Role of Nanotechnology

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 280
Author(s):  
Moon Son ◽  
Kyung Hwa Cho ◽  
Kwanho Jeong ◽  
Jongkwan Park
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
The Past ◽  
Electrochemical Processes

In the past few decades, membrane-based processes have become mainstream in water desalination because of their relatively high water flux, salt rejection, and reasonable operating cost over thermal-based desalination processes. The energy consumption of the membrane process has been continuously lowered (from >10 kWh m−3 to ~3 kWh m−3) over the past decades but remains higher than the theoretical minimum value (~0.8 kWh m−3) for seawater desalination. Thus, the high energy consumption of membrane processes has led to the development of alternative processes, such as the electrochemical, that use relatively less energy. Decades of research have revealed that the low energy consumption of the electrochemical process is closely coupled with a relatively low extent of desalination. Recent studies indicate that electrochemical process must overcome efficiency rather than energy consumption hurdles. This short perspective aims to provide platforms to compare the energy efficiency of the representative membrane and electrochemical processes based on the working principle of each process. Future water desalination methods and the potential role of nanotechnology as an efficient tool to overcome current limitations are also discussed.

Control of disinfection and halogenated disinfection byproducts by the electrochemical process

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.J. Jung ◽  
B.S. Oh ◽  
J.W. Kang ◽  
M.A. Page ◽  
M.J. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Electrochemical Process ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Inactivation Kinetic ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Electrochemical Processes

The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the performance of electrochemical process as an alternative disinfection strategy, while minimising DBPs, for water purification. The study of electrochemical processes has shown free chlorine to be produced, but smaller amounts of stronger oxidants, such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide and OH radicals (•OH), were also generated. The formation of mixed oxidants increased with increasing electric conductivity, but was limited at conductivities greater than 0.6 mS/cm. Using several microorganisms, such as E. coli and MS2 bacteriophage, inactivation kinetic studies were performed. With the exception of free chlorine, the role of mixed oxidants, especially OH radicals, was investigated for enhancement of the inactivation rate. Additionally, the formation and reduction of DBPs was studied by monitoring the concentration of haloacetic acids (HAAs) during the process.

The Energy-Saving and Carbon Emission Analysis of Solar-Assisted Air Source Heat Pump System for Hot Water Supply

2015 ◽  
Vol 799-800 ◽  
pp. 1440-1444
Author(s):  
Yuan Yu ◽  
Ke Zhi Yu ◽  
Hai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Heating System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Pump System

The innovation of solar water heating system of students living community in Shanghai Ocean University is illustrated in this paper. A new water heating system including solar, air source heat pumps and gas boiler is established owing to the high energy consumption of original system. The comprehensive energy consumption, carbon emission and operating cost comparison between the original and new system is analysed based on the measured water, power and natural gas consumption. The results show that the comprehensive energy consumption is reduced by about 27.5%, the carbon commission decreased by 6%, and the operating costs reduced by approximately 23.6%, which means the new hot water system is successful.

Study of Energy Optimization Technical Program of Zhao II Oil Transfer Station Gathering and Transportation System

2013 ◽  
Vol 765-767 ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Meng Mei Lu ◽  
Jiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Technical Program ◽  
Transfer Station ◽  
High Water Cut ◽  
Water Cut ◽  
Saving Effect

The block within the jurisdiction of Zhao II oil transfer station in Daqing Oilfield is low permeability area. The wells are in condition of low liquid production, high water cut, low temperature environment and poor geological. So a high energy consumption of oil gathering is caused. In order to save the energy, the energy balance model of Zhao II oil transfer station gathering and transportation system was established. Combining with production data, the energy consumption proportion and the main problems were analyzed. And the corresponding optimization programs were proposed. The results showed that Zhao II oil transfer station was expected to conserve 48.97m3/h natural gas and 47.2kW·h/h electricity after optimization. Energy efficiency of station increased 1.32%.The energy-saving effect was significant.

Preparation of antifouling polyetherimide/hydrolysed PIAM blend nanofiltration membranes for salt rejection applications

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (99) ◽  
pp. 55773-55780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghavendra S. Hebbar ◽  
Arun M. Isloor ◽  
A. F. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Nanofiltration Membranes ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Pure Water Flux

Polyetherimide/hydrolysed PIAM blend NF membranes have been prepared and characterized. The PEI/hydrolysed PIAM composition of 80 : 20 showed very good salt rejection (sodium sulphate) up to 76% with a pure water flux of 11.8 L m−2 h−1. This study provides a simple and effective approach to produce negatively charged NF membranes for water desalination applications with low energy consumption.

scholarly journals A zeolite-like aluminophosphate membrane with molecular-sieving property for water desalination

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2533-2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanju Wang ◽  
Xiaoqin Zou ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
Huazhen Rong ◽  
Guangshan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
Ion Rejection ◽  
Molecular Sieving

A fascinating membrane material composed of polycrystalline zeolite-like aluminophosphate with narrow pore and high water uptake is well developed, which exhibits superior desalination performance in terms of excellent ion rejection and record water flux.

scholarly journals Role of Cellulose Micro and Nano Crystals in Thin Film and Support Layer of Nanocomposite Membranes for Brackish Water Desalination

Membranes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Kadhom ◽  
Noor Albayati ◽  
Suhaib Salih ◽  
Mustafa Al-Furaiji ◽  
Mohamed Bayati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Nanocomposite Membranes ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Contact Angle Measurements ◽  
Major Process ◽  
Desalination Plants

Reverse osmosis is a major process that produces soft water from saline water, and its output represents the majority of the overall desalination plants production. Developing efficient membranes for this process is the aim of many research groups and companies. In this work, we studied the effect of adding cellulose micro crystals (CMCs) and cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) to the support layer and thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membrane on the desalination performance. SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the membrane’s properties; and membrane’s performance were evaluated by water flux and NaCl rejection. Filling 2% of CNCs gel in the support layer improved the water flux by +40%, while salt rejection maintained almost the same, around 95%. However, no remarkable improvement was gained by adding CNCs gel to m-phenylenediamine (MPD) solution, which was used in TFN membrane preparation. Filling CMCs powder in TFN membrane led to a slight improvement in terms of water flux.

scholarly journals Polymeric Reverse Osmosis and Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Desalination

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-170
Author(s):  
W.L. Ang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Composite Membrane ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
The Past ◽  
Membrane Science

Polymeric reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) membranes have been predominantly used in membrane applications for water desalination. The membrane science has advanced in the past decades and various efforts have been employed to improve the membrane characteristics for enhanced water flux and impurities rejection capability. In this chapter, the progress of RO and FO membranes has been discussed in three sections: synthesis methods of RO and FO membranes, modification works done on the membranes and the formulation used for the synthesis of RO and FO membranes, with particular interest given to the incorporation of nanoparticles in the synthesis of thin film composite membrane.

scholarly journals Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Yuan Qian ◽  
Cong-Wei Hou ◽  
Xiao-Juan Li ◽  
Zhi-Jiang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Acoustic Wave ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Life Science ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Actuation Mechanism ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Energy Consumption

The microvalve is one of the most important components in microfluidics. With decades of development, the microvalve has been widely used in many industries such as life science, chemical engineering, chip, and so forth. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the progress made over the past years about microvalves based on different actuation mechanisms. According to driving sources, plenty of actuation mechanisms are developed and adopted in microvalves, including electricity, magnetism, gas, material and creature, surface acoustic wave, and so on. Although there are currently a variety of microvalves, problems such as leakage, low precision, poor reliability, high energy consumption, and high cost still exist. Problems deserving to be further addressed are suggested, aimed at materials, fabrication methods, controlling performances, flow characteristics, and applications.

scholarly journals Overview of the Dynamic Role of Specialty Cut Flowers in the International Cut Flower Market

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Anastasios Darras
Keyword(s):  
High Energy ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Product Sales

The global cut flower industry has faced serious challenges over the years, but still remains an important sector of agriculture. Floriculture businesses seek new, innovative trends and niches to help increase product sales. Specialty cut flower (SCF) production has increased in the past 20 years in the US, Australia, Africa, and Europe. SCF production and sales could increase further if these new products were supported by dynamic marketing campaigns that focus on their strengths compared to the traditional cut flowers (TCF) such as roses, carnations, gerberas, and chrysanthemums. The major strength of SCF is the eco-friendly profile, which is associated to low CO2 footprints and environmental outputs. This contrasts TCF cultivation, which is associated to high energy inputs, especially at the traditional production centres (e.g., The Netherlands). It is suggested that environmental legislations, production costs, and customer demand for eco-friendly products will positively affect future SCF cultivation and sale.

scholarly journals Efficient water desalination with graphene nanopores obtained using artificial intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuyang Wang ◽  
Zhonglin Cao ◽  
Amir Barati Farimani
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Ion Rejection ◽  
And Topology ◽  
Key Factor

AbstractTwo-dimensional nanomaterials, such as graphene, have been extensively studied because of their outstanding physical properties. Structure and topology of nanopores on such materials can be important for their performances in real-world engineering applications, like water desalination. However, discovering the most efficient nanopores often involves a very large number of experiments or simulations that are expensive and time-consuming. In this work, we propose a data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) framework for discovering the most efficient graphene nanopore for water desalination. Via a combination of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and convolutional neural network (CNN), we are able to rapidly create and screen thousands of graphene nanopores and select the most energy-efficient ones. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on promising AI-created graphene nanopores show that they have higher water flux while maintaining rival ion rejection rate compared to the normal circular nanopores. Irregular shape with rough edges geometry of AI-created pores is found to be the key factor for their high water desalination performance. Ultimately, this study shows that AI can be a powerful tool for nanomaterial design and screening.

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