scholarly journals Application of the Composite Hardness Models in the Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Electrolytically Deposited Copper Coatings: The Effect of the Type of Substrate

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Ivana O. Mladenović ◽  
Nebojša D. Nikolić ◽  
Jelena S. Lamovec ◽  
Dana Vasiljević-Radović ◽  
Vesna Radojević
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Dislocation Creep ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Copper Coatings ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Composite Models ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Composite Hardness ◽  
Coating Hardness

The mechanical characteristics of electrochemically deposited copper coatings have been examined by application of two hardness composite models: the Chicot-Lesage (C-L) and the Cheng-Gao (C-G) models. The 10, 20, 40 and 60 µm thick fine-grained Cu coatings were electrodeposited on the brass by the regime of pulsating current (PC) at an average current density of 50 mA cm−2, and were characterized by scanning electron (SEM), atomic force (AFM) and optical (OM) microscopes. By application of the C-L model we determined a limiting relative indentation depth (RID) value that separates the area of the coating hardness from that with a strong effect of the substrate on the measured composite hardness. The coating hardness values in the 0.9418–1.1399 GPa range, obtained by the C-G model, confirmed the assumption that the Cu coatings on the brass belongs to the “soft film on hard substrate” composite hardness system. The obtained stress exponents in the 4.35–7.69 range at an applied load of 0.49 N indicated that the dominant creep mechanism is the dislocation creep and the dislocation climb. The obtained mechanical characteristics were compared with those recently obtained on the Si(111) substrate, and the effects of substrate characteristics such as hardness and roughness on the mechanical characteristics of the electrodeposited Cu coatings were discussed and explained.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Chicot–Lesage Composite Hardness Model in a Determination of Absolute Hardness of Copper Coatings Obtained by the Electrodeposition Processes

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1807
Author(s):  
Ivana O. Mladenović ◽  
Jelena S. Lamovec ◽  
Dana G. Vasiljević-Radović ◽  
Rastko Vasilić ◽  
Vesna J. Radojević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Sulfate Electrolyte ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Copper Coatings ◽  
Hardness Model ◽  
Composite Hardness ◽  
Coating Hardness

The influence of various electrolysis parameters, such as the type of cathode, composition of the electrolyte and electrolysis time, on the morphology, structure and hardness of copper coatings has been investigated. Morphology and structure of the coatings were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while coating hardness was examined by Vickers microindentation test applying the Chicot–Lesage (C–L) composite hardness model. Depending on the conditions of electrolysis, two types of Cu coatings were obtained: fine-grained mat coatings with a strong (220) preferred orientation from the sulfate electrolyte and smooth mirror bright coatings with a strong (200) preferred orientation from the electrolyte with added leveling/brightening additives. The mat coatings showed larger both measured composite and calculated coating hardness than the mirror bright coatings, that can be explained by the phenomena on boundary among grains. Independent of electrolysis conditions, the critical relative indentation depth (RID) of 0.14 was established for all types of the Cu coatings, separating the zone in which the composite hardness can be equaled with the coating hardness and the zone requiring an application of the C–L model for a determination of the absolute hardness of the Cu coatings.

scholarly journals Morphology, Structure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Coatings Electrodeposited by Pulsating Current (PC) Regime on Si(111)

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana O. Mladenović ◽  
Jelena S. Lamovec ◽  
Dana G. Vasiljević Radović ◽  
Rastko Vasilić ◽  
Vesna J. Radojević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Diffusion Control ◽  
Copper Electrodeposition ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Hardness Model ◽  
Xrd Techniques ◽  
Composite Hardness ◽  
Pulsating Current

Copper electrodeposition on (111)-oriented Si substrate was performed by the pulsating current (PC) regime at various average current densities in the range of 15–70 mA·cm−2, obtained by varying either the frequency (30, 50, 80 and 100 Hz for the current density amplitude of 100 mA·cm−2) or the current density amplitude (120 and 140 mA·cm−2 at 100 Hz). The produced Cu coatings were examined by SEM, AFM and XRD techniques. The morphology of the coatings changed from those with large grains to fine-grained and globular, while the crystal structure changed from the strong (220) to the strong (111) preferred orientation by increasing the average current density. The mechanical characteristics of coatings were examined using Vickers micro-indentation tests, applying the Chicot–Lesage (C–L) composite hardness model for the analysis of microhardness. The maximum microhardness was obtained for the Cu coating produced at an average current density of 50 mA·cm−2, with a current density amplitude of 100 mA·cm−2 and a frequency of 100 Hz. This copper coating was fine-grained and showed the smallest roughness in relation to the other coatings, and it was obtained in the mixed activation–diffusion control between the end of the effect of the activation control and the beginning of the dominant effect of diffusion control.

scholarly journals Determination of the absolute hardness of electrolytically produced copper coatings by application of the Chicot-Lesage composite hardness model

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-105
Author(s):  
Ivana Mladenovic ◽  
Jelena Lamovec ◽  
Dana Vasiljevic-Radovic ◽  
Vesna Radojevic ◽  
Nebojsa Nikolic
Keyword(s):  
Pause Duration ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Copper Coatings ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Hardness Model ◽  
Composite Hardness ◽  
Pulsating Current ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Coating Hardness

In this study, a novel procedure based on application of the Chicot?Lesage (C?L) composite hardness model was proposed for determination of an absolute hardness of electrolytically produced copper coatings. The Cu coatings were electrodeposited on the Si(111) substrate by the pulsating current (PC) regime with a variation of the following parameters: the pause duration, the current density amplitude and the coating thickness. The topography of produced coatings was characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), while a hardness of the coatings was examined by Vickers microindentation test. Applying the C?L model, the critical relative indentation depth (RID)c of 0.14 was determined, which is independent of all examined parameters of the PC regime. This RID value separated the area in which the composite hardness of the Cu coating corresponded to its absolute hardness (RID < 0.14) from the area in which application of the C?L model was necessary for a determination of the absolute coating hardness (RID ? 0.14). The obtained value was in a good agreement with the value already published in the literature.

Effect of pulse current on structure and adhesion of apatite electrochemically deposited onto titanium substrates

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3176-3183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyasu Hayakawa ◽  
Masakazu Kawashita ◽  
Gikan H. Takaoka ◽  
Toshiki Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Pulse Current ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Titanium Substrates

Apatite films were deposited onto titanium (Ti) metal substrates by an electrodeposition method under a pulse current. Metastable calcium phosphate solution was used as the electrolyte. The ion concentration of the solution was 1.5 times that of human body fluid, but the solution did not contain magnesium ions at 36.5 °C. We used an average current density of 0.01 A/cm2 and current-on time (TON) equal to current-off time (TOFF) of 10 ms, 100 ms, 1 s, and 15 s. The adhesive strength between apatite and Ti substrates were relatively high at TON = TOFF = 10 ms. It is considered that small calcium phosphate (C–P) crystals with low crystallinity were deposited on the Ti surface without reacting with other C–P crystals, H2O, and HCO3− in the surrounding environment. This resulted in relaxation of the lattice mismatch and enhancement of the adhesive strength between the apatite crystals and Ti substrates.

Influences of Pulse Current Density on the Characteristics of Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2 Composite Coatings

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 856-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Dong Xu ◽  
Da Cheng Zhai ◽  
Shuang Li Hu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Pulse Current ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Fine Grained Structure ◽  
Average Current ◽  
S Deposition ◽  
Microhardness Tester

Square-wave double pulse current was used to electrodeposit Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2composite coatings in fine-grained structure on the surface of carbon steel, influences of forward pulse average current density, +Jm, in the range of 5~25A/dm2on characteristics of the composite coatings were researched, and the chemical compositionSubscript texts, deposition rate, microhardness and microstructures were evaluated by EDX, SEM and Microhardness tester. The results show that the uniform composite coatings can be obtained at +Jmof 20A/dm2, which possess higher microhardness of 735Hv. The grains sizes of the composite coatings decrease when +Jmis increased from 5A/dm2to 20A/dm2, while the reappearance of large grains structure at 25A/dm2.

Structure and Adhesion of Hydroxyapatite Films Electrochemically Deposited onto Titanium Substrates under Short-Pulse Current in Metastable Calcium Phosphate Solution

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kawashita Masakazu ◽  
Tomoyasu Hayakawa ◽  
Gikan H. Takaoka ◽  
Toshiki Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Adhesive Strength ◽  
Pulse Current ◽  
Lattice Mismatch ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phosphate Solution ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Electrochemically Deposited ◽  
Average Current

Hydroxyapatite (HA) films were deposited onto titanium (Ti) metal substrates by an electrodeposition method under a short-pulse current. Metastable calcium phosphate solution was used as the electrolyte. The ion concentration of the solution was 1.5 times that of human body fluid, but the solution did not contain magnesium ions at 36.5°C. We used an average current density of 0.01 A/cm2 and current-on time (TON) equal to current-off time (TOFF) of 10 ms, 100 ms, 1 s, and 15 s. The adhesive strength between HA and Ti substrates were relatively high at TON = TOFF = 10 ms. It is considered that small calcium phosphate crystals with low crystallinity were deposited on the Ti surface without reacting with other calcium phosphate crystals, H2O, and HCO3– in the surrounding environment. This resulted in relaxation of the lattice mismatch and enhancement of the adhesive strength between the HA crystals and Ti substrates.

Electrolytic Isolation of Twin-Type Shock Deformation Structures

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
F. I. Grace ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Electrolyte Composition ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Deformation Structures ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Specimen Edge

During the course of electron transmission investigations of the deformation structures associated with shock-loaded thin foil specimens of 70/30 brass, it was observed that in a number of instances preferential etching occurred along grain boundaries; and that the degree of etching appeared to depend upon the various experimental conditions prevailing during electropolishing. These included the electrolyte composition, the average current density, and the temperature in the vicinity of the specimen. In the specific case of 70/30 brass shock-loaded at pressures in the range 200-400 kilobars, the predominant mode of deformation was observed to be twin-type faults which in several cases exhibited preferential etching similar to that observed along grain boundaries. A novel feature of this particular phenomenon was that in certain cases, especially for twins located in the vicinity of the specimen edge, the etching or preferential electropolishing literally isolated these structures from the matrix.

Quality Assessment of Weldable Steel Mark P355NH from Decompression Chamber Construction for Diving

2012 ◽  
Vol 217-219 ◽  
pp. 2381-2387
Author(s):  
Doru Romulus Pascu ◽  
Radu Alexandru Roşu ◽  
Iuliana Duma ◽  
Horia Daşcău
Keyword(s):  
Test Temperature ◽  
Transverse Direction ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Weldable Steel ◽  
Breaking Energy ◽  
Fine Grained Steels ◽  
Selection Of

Non-alloyed P355NH steel according to EN 10028-3:2003 belongs to a group of fine-grained steels for pressure vessels being used in welded construction at decompression chamber for divers. Values of the chemical, structural and mechanical characteristics and steel toughness experimentally determined fit the analyzed steel in P355NH steel group according to EN 10028-3:2003. The toughness of the analyzed steel at the test temperature of -30°C is characterized by high values of fracture energy KV in longitudinal direction between 48 and 86 J and on transverse direction between 17 and 34J. Steel toughness at the test temperature of -30°C required by ABS standard (in Section 4/5.3 and Table 1) provides for breaking energy KV of min. 35J, with ductile fracture surfaces, value that is not respected at some lots of the three batches (A, B, C) of steel. Finally, based on the direct correlation established between HV10 hardness of the fine structure and the toughness it was made a selection of the lots of non-alloy steel P355NH which correspond to ABS norm for welded construction of the decompression chamber for divers

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