scholarly journals Oak Species Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea Liebl. Identification Based on UHPLC-HRMS/MS Molecular Networks

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 684
Author(s):  
Gaëlle Buche ◽  
Cyril Colas ◽  
Laëtitia Fougère ◽  
Emilie Destandau
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fragmentation Patterns ◽  
The Individual

Two species of oak are dominant in French forests: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.). Their differentiation is not straightforward but is essential to better understand their respective molecular content in order to better valorize them. Thus, to improve oak species identification, an untargeted UHPLC-HRMS/MS method associated with a two-step data treatment was developed to analyze a wide range of specialized metabolites enabling the comparison of both species of oak extracts. Pooled extracts from sessile and pedunculate oaks, composed of extracts from several trees of pure species from various origins, were compared using first the Venn diagram, as a quick way to get an initial idea of how close the extracts are, and then using a molecular network to visualize, on the one hand, the ions shared between the two species and, on the other hand, the compounds specific to one species. The molecular network showed that the two species shared common clusters mainly representative of tannins derivatives and that each species has specific molecules with similar fragmentation patterns, associated in specific clusters. This methodology was then applied to compare these two pooled extracts to unknown individuals in order to determine the species. The Venn diagram allowed for the quick presumption of the species of the individual and then the species could be assigned more precisely with the molecular network, at the level of specific clusters. This method, developed for the first time, has several interests. First, it makes it possible to discriminate the species and to correctly assign the species of unknown samples. Moreover, it gave an overview of the metabolite composition of each sample to better target oak tree utilization and valorization.

The growth and form of ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in mixture with cherry (Prunus avium), oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur), and beech (Fagus sylvatica)

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2340-2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Relative Yield ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Stem Form ◽  
Pure Species ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica L

The effects of mixing ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) with cherry (Prunus avium L.), oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Lieb., and Quercus robur L.), and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were investigated using a balanced two-component competition experiment. In general, two patterns of growth were observed. Firstly, in the ash–cherry experiment, two rapidly growing species altered their stem form and showed a plastic response to interspecific competition, and both species maintained a position in the upper canopy. Secondly, in the ash–oak and ash–beech experiments, a two-tier canopy formed with ash in the upper canopy, and interspecific competition resulted in an early nursing effect on the ash. In both patterns of growth, competition affected stem diameter and the shape of the tree with few, and only short-lived, effects on height. The maximum relative yield totals were 1.78 for ash–cherry, 1.77 for ash–oak, and 1.44 for ash–beech, indicating that the mixtures studied may be more productive in their early phase of growth than equivalent areas of pure species.

scholarly journals First Report of Neofusicoccum australe and N. luteum Associated with Canker and Dieback of Quercus robur in Portugal

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Barradas ◽  
A. Correia ◽  
A. Alves
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Canker Disease ◽  
First Report ◽  
Wide Range

Quercus robur L., commonly known as “pedunculate oak,” is a long-lived deciduous tree native to most of Europe. It is of great ecological and forestry importance. It is also commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. Since 2009 and most likely related to increased drought periods, diseased ornamental trees have been observed in the campus of the University of Aveiro, Portugal. More than 50% of the trees are already damaged by the disease. The symptoms included twig and branch dieback and sunken necrotic bark lesions that could progress to the trunk, resulting in the death of large sections of the tree. Ascomata and conidiomata typical of Botryosphaeriaceae were observed on branches of symptomatic trees. Ascospores were hyaline, aseptate, ovoid to fusoid, and conidia were hyaline, aseptate, smooth, thin-walled, and fusiform with base truncate. Single spore isolates were obtained from samples. In culture, single ascospore isolates produced conidia similar to the ones found on the host. Diseased branch tissues were surface sterilized with 5% NaOCl, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25°C. Fungal isolates recovered produced white aerial mycelium that darkened with age becoming grey to dark grey and conidia that were similar in all aspects to the ones produced by single spore isolates. All isolates produced on PDA a yellow pigment that diffused into the agar and disappeared after 6 to 7 days. Morphological and cultural aspects of the isolates were similar to the species Neofusicoccum luteum (Pennycook & Samuels) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips and N. australe (Slippers, Crous & M.J. Wingf.) Crous, Slippers & A.J.L. Phillips (2). Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR fingerprinting divided the isolates into two groups (1). Two isolates (CAA352 and CAA392), one from each group, were selected for further identification by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA and part of the elongation factor 1-alpha gene (EF1-α) (Accession No. ITS: JX975212 JX975213; EF1-α: JX975210 JX975211). BLAST analysis showed that ITS and EF1-α sequences from group 1 and 2 had 99 to 100% similarity to reference cultures (including ex-type) of N. luteum and N. australe, respectively. To confirm pathogenicity and fulfill Koch's postulates, six 2-year-old seedlings of Q. robur were artificially infected with isolates CAA352 and CAA392 and kept at approximately 20 to 25°C. A shallow wound was done with a scalpel on the basal part of the stem of each seedling, a bark portion was removed aseptically and a PDA disc (0.5 cm) of an actively growing culture was placed on the wound. Control seedlings received sterile PDA discs. The inoculation site was wrapped in Parafilm to prevent desiccation. Within 8 weeks, infected seedlings developed canker lesions associated with vascular necrosis around the inoculation point. A third of the seedlings died and developed abundant pycnidia on the stem. Control seedlings remained symptomless. Both pathogens were successfully reisolated from the infected tissue. N. luteum and N. australe are increasingly reported as causing diseases to a wide range of woody hosts of economic and forestry importance (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of both species causing dieback and canker disease on Q. robur. References: (1) A. Alves et al. Res. Microbiol. 158:112, 2007. (2) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (3) B. Slippers et al. Fungal Biol. Rev. 21:90, 2007.

Variability of wood extractives among Quercus robur and Quercus petraea trees from mixed stands and their relation to wood anatomy and leaf morphology

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 994-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Mosedale ◽  
F Feuillat ◽  
R Baumes ◽  
J -L Dupouey ◽  
J -L Puech
Keyword(s):  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Species Trees ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Cis And Trans

Heartwood ellagitannins and volatile extractives were studied by high-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry after extraction of wood samples taken from 54 mature trees of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) from 14 mixed stands located in the forest of Cîteaux (Bourgogne). These same trees had been previously subject to detailed study of leaf morphology and wood anatomy. Over 50 compounds, of diverse chemical types, were identified in the wood extracts and over 30 of these compounds were quantified. No species-specific extractives were identified, but the amounts of ellagitannins and a small number of volatile compounds, including cis- and trans-β-methyl-γ-octalactone isomers, were found to vary significantly between the two species. Multivariate analyses of these extractives allowed the classification of samples according to species, although less distinctly than similar analyses using leaf morphological characteristics. No strong intraspecific correlations between chemical constituents and anatomical or morphological characteristics were found that were common for both species. Nonetheless, sessile oaks displaying atypical wood anatomy were also less morphologically and chemically representative of their species. Trees possessing the lowest levels of cis- and trans-β-methyl-γ-octalactone are found to be those with a morphology the least distinct of either species.

scholarly journals Dereplication, Annotation, and Characterization of 74 Potential Antimicrobial Metabolites from Penicillium Sclerotiorum Using t-SNE Molecular Networks

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 444
Author(s):  
Téo Hebra ◽  
Nicolas Elie ◽  
Salomé Poyer ◽  
Elsa Van Elslande ◽  
David Touboul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Molecular Network ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Penicillium Sclerotiorum

Microorganisms associated with termites are an original resource for identifying new chemical scaffolds or active metabolites. A molecular network was generated from a collection of strain extracts analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry, a molecular network was generated, and activities against the human pathogens methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum were mapped, leading to the selection of a single active extract of Penicillium sclerotiorum SNB-CN111. This fungal species is known to produce azaphilones, a colorful family of polyketides with a wide range of biological activities and economic interests in the food industry. By exploring the molecular network data, it was shown that the chemical diversity related to the P. sclerotiorum metabolome largely exceeded the data already reported in the literature. According to the described fragmentation pathways of protonated azaphilones, the annotation of 74 azaphilones was proposed, including 49 never isolated or synthesized thus far. Our hypothesis was validated by the isolation and characterization of eight azaphilones, among which three new azaphilones were chlorogeumasnol (63), peniazaphilone E (74) and 7-deacetylisochromophilone VI (80).

scholarly journals Impact of Gene Flow and Introgression on the Range Wide Genetic Structure of Quercus robur (L.) in Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1425
Author(s):  
Bernd Degen ◽  
Yulai Yanbaev ◽  
Malte Mader ◽  
Ruslan Ianbaev ◽  
Svetlana Bakhtina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Postglacial Recolonization

As for most other temperate broadleaved tree species, large-scale genetic inventories of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) have focused on the plastidial genome, which showed the impact of post-glacial recolonization and manmade seed transfer. However, how have pollen mediated gene flow and introgression impacted the large-scale genetic structure? To answer these questions, we did a genetic inventory on 1970 pedunculate oak trees from 197 locations in 13 European countries. All samples were screened with a targeted sequencing approach on a set of 381 polymorphic loci (356 nuclear SNPs, 3 nuclear InDels, 17 chloroplast SNPs, and 5 mitochondrial SNPs). In a former analysis with additional 1763 putative Quercus petraea trees screened for the same gene markers we obtained estimates on the species admixture of all pedunculate oak trees. We identified 13 plastidial haplotypes, which showed a strong spatial pattern with a highly significant autocorrelation up to a range of 1250 km. Significant spatial genetic structure up to 1250 km was also observed at the nuclear loci. However, the differentiation at the nuclear gene markers was much lower compared to the organelle gene markers. The matrix of genetic distances among locations was partially correlated between nuclear and organelle genomes. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the best fit to the data for a sub-division into two gene pools. One gene pool is dominating the west and the other is the most abundant in the east. The western gene pool was significantly influenced by introgression from Quercus petraea in the past. In Germany, we identified a contact zone of pedunculate oaks with different introgression intensity, likely resulting from different historical levels of introgression in glacial refugia or during postglacial recolonization. The main directions of postglacial recolonization were south to north and south to northwest in West and Central Europe, and for the eastern haplotypes also east to west in Central Europe. By contrast, the pollen mediated gene flow and introgression from Q. petraea modified the large-scale structure at the nuclear gene markers with significant west–east direction.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

Growth and management of mixed Pinus sylvestris - Quercus robur stands in Flanders, Belgium

1993 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
J. Neirynck ◽  
G. Sioen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Pine Stands

Mature  Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris  L.) stands are dominating large parts of the Flemish forest area. Broadleaved  species regenerate spontaneously under this pine canopy. This study studied  the growth and development of two planted pine stands with an older natural  regeneration, dominated by pedunculate oak (Quercus  robur L.), and discussed management options for  similar stands.     The results indicated a rather good growth of the stands, with current  annual increments of 5 m3.ha-1.yr-1. The pine overstorey is growing into valuable sawwood  dimensions, while the broadleaved understorey slowly grows into the  upperstorey. The quality of the regeneration is moderate but can be improved  by silvicultural measurements (pruning, early selection).     In both stands, an interesting (timber production, nature conservation)  admixture of secondary tree species is present in the regeneration. Stand  management is evolving from the classical clearcut system towards a  combination of a type of selection and group selection system.

Punk as Folk: Continuities and Tensions in the UK and Beyond

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pete Dale
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Music Making ◽  
Collective Creativity ◽  
Living Tradition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

Numerous claims have been made by a wide range of commentators that punk is somehow “a folk music” of some kind. Doubtless there are several continuities. Indeed, both tend to encourage amateur music-making, both often have affiliations with the Left, and both emerge at least partly from a collective/anti-competitive approach to music-making. However, there are also significant tensions between punk and folk as ideas/ideals and as applied in practice. Most obviously, punk makes claims to a “year zero” creativity (despite inevitably offering re-presentation of at least some existing elements in every instance), whereas folk music is supposed to carry forward a tradition (which, thankfully, is more recognized in recent decades as a subject-to-change “living tradition” than was the case in folk’s more purist periods). Politically, meanwhile, postwar folk has tended more toward a socialist and/or Marxist orientation, both in the US and UK, whereas punk has at least rhetorically claimed to be in favor of “anarchy” (in the UK, in particular). Collective creativity and competitive tendencies also differ between the two (perceived) genre areas. Although the folk scene’s “floor singer” tradition offers a dispersal of expressive opportunity comparable in some ways to the “anyone can do it” idea that gets associated with punk, the creative expectation of the individual within the group differs between the two. Punk has some similarities to folk, then, but there are tensions, too, and these are well worth examining if one is serious about testing out the common claim, in both folk and punk, that “anyone can do it.”

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