scholarly journals Cascading Effects of Root Microbial Symbiosis on the Development and Metabolome of the Insect Herbivore Manduca Sexta L.

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 731
Author(s):  
Dimitra Papantoniou ◽  
Fredd Vergara ◽  
Alexander Weinhold ◽  
Teresa Quijano ◽  
Bekzod Khakimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Untargeted Metabolomics ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Insect Development ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Fatty Acid Amides ◽  
The Impact

Root mutualistic microbes can modulate the production of plant secondary metabolites affecting plant–herbivore interactions. Still, the main mechanisms underlying the impact of root mutualists on herbivore performance remain ambiguous. In particular, little is known about how changes in the plant metabolome induced by root mutualists affect the insect metabolome and post-larval development. By using bioassays with tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum), we analyzed the impact of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the plant interaction with the specialist insect herbivore Manduca sexta. We found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes impaired insect development, including metamorphosis. By using untargeted metabolomics, we found that root colonization by the mutualistic microbes altered the secondary metabolism of tomato shoots, leading to enhanced levels of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Untargeted metabolomics further revealed that root colonization by the mutualists affected the metabolome of the herbivore, leading to an enhanced accumulation of steroidal glycoalkaloids and altered patterns of fatty acid amides and carnitine-derived metabolites. Our results indicate that the changes in the shoot metabolome triggered by root mutualistic microbes can cascade up altering the metabolome of the insects feeding on the colonized plants, thus affecting the insect development.

scholarly journals Inducibility of Plant Secondary Metabolites in the Stem Predicts Genetic Variation in Resistance Against a Key Insect Herbivore in Maritime Pine

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé López-Goldar ◽  
Caterina Villari ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello ◽  
Anna Karin Borg-Karlson ◽  
Delphine Grivet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Maritime Pine ◽  
Insect Herbivore

Fire, people and ecosystem change in Pleistocene Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Ecosystem Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Since the 1960s, Australian scientists have speculated on the impact of human arrival on fire regimes in Australia, and on the relationship of landscape fire to extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna of Australia. These speculations have produced a series of contrasting hypotheses that can now be tested using evidence collected over the past two decades. In the present paper, I summarise those hypotheses and review that evidence. The main conclusions of this are that (1) the effects of people on fire regimes in the Pleistocene were modest at the continental scale, and difficult to distinguish from climatic controls on fire, (2) the arrival of people triggered extinction of Australia’s megafauna, but fire had little or no role in the extinction of those animals, which was probably due primarily to hunting and (3) megafaunal extinction is likely to have caused a cascade of changes that included increased fire, but only in some environments. We do not yet understand what environmental factors controlled the strength and nature of cascading effects of megafaunal extinction. This is an important topic for future research.

Digital ‘Lakshman Rekhas’: Understanding the Impact of Safety Apps on Women’s Freedom of Movement in Urban Spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaushiki Das
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Subjective Evaluations ◽  
Crowd Density ◽  
Current Location ◽  
Universal Category ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines how technologies intended for ensuring women’s safety affect freedom of movement and reproduce masculine domination over space. Since times immemorial, humans have had an innate desire to explore and discover new spaces. However, for women, this desire has often been curtailed, due to the fear of being harassed or assaulted. Women tend to live by the ‘rape clock’; their daily routines, clothes, travel schedules and companions are constantly adjusted according to the location they have to visit. The recent proliferation of safety apps seek to offer a more secure way to travel through neighbourhoods. Inbuilt with safety audits, these apps prescribe the routes that women can take to travel to their destinations. The apps allow users to evaluate their current location in terms of seemingly objective parameters like security, openness, crowd density, lighting and transportation. In addition, the users can proactively determine the ‘safety score’ of the locality depending on how they feel about it and can also share its photos to justify the score. However, the paper argues, safety apps tend to circumscribe women’s desire to loiter. By recommending routes to travel safely and by constantly prescribing the parameters that women need to keep in mind while venturing out, these apps narrow down the spaces women can access. It enhances the fear of being assaulted and curtails the pleasure of loitering. Secondly, the apps neglect the fact that conceptions of safety vary according to one’s social location. Most safety apps begin with the notion that their users comprise of an abstract, universal category of women. But, individuals hailing from different backgrounds, including class, caste, education, region and religion experience the world differently. What counts as a safe neighbourhood for one may be considered unsafe by another. The subjective evaluations in safety apps tend to present a lopsided notion of safety which may tilt the scales against localities frequented by people hailing from minority communities. This may have other cascading effects such as overpolicing, non-access to goods and financial services, etc. In addition, these apps tend to shift the onus of safety onto the woman. Moreover, the GPS tracking feature of apps is undergirded in the misogynistic logic that women’s movements are to be controlled. The paper therefore critically analyses intriguing questions — How do safety apps determine what constitutes a safe neighbourhood for women? To what extent do these apps encourage freedom of movement for women? How can safety apps be restructured to accommodate women’s desire to loiter?

A Study of the Cascading Effects of Ambulance Diversion among Hospitals

2013 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Abey Kuruvilla ◽  
Suraj M. Alexander ◽  
Xiaolin Li
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Ambulance Diversion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Emergency Medical Systems ◽  
The Impact

This research effort is undertaken to determine the impact that one hospital’s diversion status has on other hospitals in a region and the strength of these interactions. The conditional probability of one hospital going on diversion given that another is already on diversion is evaluated. Based on this analysis, the strength of interactions among the hospitals is established. Through statistical analyses of historical data, the strength of the mutual effects of diversion among a collection of hospitals is determined. These effects are mutual if one hospital’s diversion status affected another’s, then the reverse was also true. The intensity of these interactions between hospitals is varied, some being stronger than others. The model illustrates an approach to studying the cascading effects of diversion among hospitals in a region. This is important, because the status of any hospital in a region can signal the likelihood of impending diversion in every other hospital in the region. This allows actions that might prevent the occurrence of diversion or mitigate the cascading effects of Emergency Medical Systems diversion.

Towards Protecting Critical Infrastructures

2015 ◽  
pp. 121-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Caldeira ◽  
Tiago Cruz ◽  
Paulo Simões ◽  
Edmundo Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Industrial Control ◽  
Industrial Control Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Ict Security ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
The Impact

Critical Infrastructures (CIs) such as power distribution are referred to as “Critical” as, in case of failure, the impact on society and economy can be enormous. CIs are exposed to a growing number of threats. ICT security plays a major role in CI protection and risk prevention for single and interconnected CIs were cascading effects might occur. This chapter addresses CI Protection discussing MICIE Project main results, along with the mechanisms that manage the degree of confidence assigned to risk alerts allowing improving the resilience of CIs when faced with inaccurate/inconsistent alerts. The CockpitCI project is also presented, aiming to improve the resilience and dependability of CIs through automatic detection of cyber-threats and the sharing of real-time information about attacks among CIs. CockpitCI addresses one MICIE's shortcoming by adding SCADA-oriented security detection capabilities, providing input for risk prediction models and assessment of the operational status of the Industrial Control Systems.

A Study of the Cascading Effects of Ambulance Diversion among Hospitals

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 60-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abey Kuruvilla ◽  
Suraj M. Alexander ◽  
Xiaolin Li
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Medical Systems ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Ambulance Diversion ◽  
The Status ◽  
Emergency Medical Systems ◽  
The Impact

This research effort is undertaken to determine the impact that one hospital’s diversion status has on other hospitals in a region and the strength of these interactions. The conditional probability of one hospital going on diversion given that another is already on diversion is evaluated. Based on this analysis, the strength of interactions among the hospitals is established. Through statistical analyses of historical data, the strength of the mutual effects of diversion among a collection of hospitals is determined. These effects are mutual if one hospital’s diversion status affected another’s, then the reverse was also true. The intensity of these interactions between hospitals is varied, some being stronger than others. The model illustrates an approach to studying the cascading effects of diversion among hospitals in a region. This is important, because the status of any hospital in a region can signal the likelihood of impending diversion in every other hospital in the region. This allows actions that might prevent the occurrence of diversion or mitigate the cascading effects of Emergency Medical Systems diversion.

scholarly journals Contribution of Berry Polyphenols to the Human Metabolome

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (23) ◽  
pp. 4220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra ◽  
Rathore ◽  
Kay ◽  
Everhart ◽  
Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Quantitative Metabolomics ◽  
Background Diet ◽  
Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Standard Library

Diets rich in berries provide health benefits, however, the contribution of berry phytochemicals to the human metabolome is largely unknown. The present study aimed to establish the impact of berry phytochemicals on the human metabolome. A “systematic review strategy” was utilized to characterize the phytochemical composition of the berries most commonly consumed in the USA; (poly)phenols, primarily anthocyanins, comprised the majority of reported plant secondary metabolites. A reference standard library and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) quantitative metabolomics methodology were developed and applied to serum/plasma samples from a blueberry and a strawberry intervention, revealing a diversity of benzoic, cinnamic, phenylacetic, 3-(phenyl)propanoic and hippuric acids, and benzyldehydes. 3-Phenylpropanoic, 2-hydroxybenzoic, and hippuric acid were highly abundant (mean > 1 µM). Few metabolites at concentrations above 100 nM changed significantly in either intervention. Significant intervention effects (P < 0.05) were observed for plasma/serum 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and hippuric acid in the blueberry intervention, and for 3-methoxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the strawberry intervention. However, significant within-group effects for change from baseline were prevalent, suggesting that high inter-individual variability precluded significant treatment effects. Berry consumption in general appears to cause a fluctuation in the pools of small molecule metabolites already present at baseline, rather than the appearance of unique berry-derived metabolites, which likely reflects the ubiquitous nature of (poly)phenols in the background diet.

scholarly journals Using trophic flows and ecosystem structure to model the effects of fishing in the Jurien Bay Marine Park, temperate Western Australia

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector M. Lozano-Montes ◽  
Neil R. Loneragan ◽  
Russell C. Babcock ◽  
Kelsie Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Commercial Fishing ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Fishing Mortality ◽  
Benthic Primary Production ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Marine Park ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the impacts of fishing on the trophic structure of systems has become increasingly important because of the introduction of Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management and the legislative requirements of fisheries to demonstrate that they are not having a negative impact on other species. A biomass-based dynamic model of Jurien Bay Marine Park (∼30°S) was constructed using Ecopath to investigate the ecosystem impacts of fishing (mainly commercial rock lobster, Panulirus cygnus) in the park, as an example of the potential responses of temperate marine ecosystems in Western Australia to commercial fishing. A simulated 50% reduction in fishing mortality for commercial finfish predicted that after 20 years, the biomass of important fished species (i.e. Pagrus auratus and Choerodon rubescens) would increase by up to 30%. A simulated total fishing closure resulted in much larger (2.5–8 fold) increases in targeted populations, but did not result in any predicted cascading effects on grazing invertebrates and benthic primary producers. The simulations suggest that the structure of this ecosystem is characterised more by bottom-up than top-down processes; i.e. benthic primary production is a major limiting factor. The present study identified trophic linkages and ecosystem processes such as the role of both low and high trophic-level groups and the impact of fishing mortality in the marine park, an essential step towards distinguishing the impacts of fishing from those attributable to natural or other human-induced changes.

scholarly journals Soil Texture Influence on Meloidogyne incognita and Thielaviopsis basicola and Their Interaction on Cotton

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jaraba ◽  
C. S. Rothrock ◽  
T. L. Kirkpatrick ◽  
K. R. Brye
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Thielaviopsis Basicola ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Fungal Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

Microplots were used to evaluate the impact of soil texture on Meloidogyne incognita, Thielaviopsis basicola, and their interaction on cotton. A native silt loam soil (48% sand) and four different artificial soil textures produced by mixing native soil with sand (53, 70, 74, and 87% sand) were studied. Each soil texture was infested with 0, 4, or 8 M. incognita eggs and 0 or 20 T. basicola chlamydospore chains per gram of soil in a factorial treatment arrangement. Plots were watered when soil moisture fell below –10 joules/kg for the first 21 days and –30 joules/kg from 22 days to harvest. Plant growth was suppressed early in the season and midseason by T. basicola. M. incognita suppressed plant growth and delayed plant development late in the season across all soil textures. Cotton yield was lower in the presence of either T. basicola or M. incognita. An interaction between M. incognita and T. basicola, which decreased plant growth and yield, occurred in 2006 when neither pathogen caused substantial plant damage. Plant growth, development, and yield were lowest in soils with >74% sand. Root colonization by T. basicola and fungal reproduction and survival decreased in soil having 87% sand. M. incognita generally caused more galling and reproduction in soils as sand content increased. Root galling severity and M. incognita reproduction were suppressed by the presence of T. basicola in soil at sand contents lower than 87%. Soil texture had a greater impact on T. basicola than on M. incognita in this study.

scholarly journals Impact and Challenges of GST in India with Reference to Media & Entertainment Sector – An Insight

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (08) ◽  
pp. 366-382
Author(s):  
Sudipta Chakraborty ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Entertainment Industry ◽  
Online Delivery ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Media ◽  
Brand Promotion ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The biggest tax reform since independence i.e., Goods and Services Tax (GST) has now become a part of Indian economy from 1st July, 2017. It is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufactures, sales and consumption of goods and services; thereby subsuming almost all other indirect taxes that were in existence throughout India before its implementation and also eliminating the cascading effects thereby. GST was introduced just after demonetisation in November, 2016 and has changed the whole scenario of indirect tax system in India. It aims at boosting overall growth of Indian economy by integrating all indirect taxes into one. The media and entertainment (M&E) industry in India is one of the fastest growing sectors and has outperformed expectations in recent years. With the expansion of the economy, the sector has accelerated its growth. The sector spreads into big and small screens, media, events, exhibitions, amusement facilities and gaming zones, with various combinations of offline and online delivery systems. With the advent of GST, things have become relatively simpler for the entertainment industry as it is subjected to only one tax and permissible local body taxes. One of the major changes has been the subsuming of Entertainment Tax under GST. Earlier, prior to implementation of GST, the rate of Entertainment Tax for the film industry varied from state to state, ranging from 15% to 110%. Introduction of GST has stabilised the rate variance and provided a uniform market across the nation. In this study, we have also made an attempt to study the pre and post GST effects on different activities of the media and entertainment industry like exhibition of movies, food and beverages sold at movie halls, services rendered by artists and other technician, sponsorship and brand promotion and advertisement. Thus, this paper is an endeavour to understand the impact of GST on media and entertainment sector and aims at pointing out the challenges of the same under the present structure and provide some way outs to it.

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