scholarly journals Photonic Crystal Nanobeam Cavities for Nanoscale Optical Sensing: A Review

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da-Quan Yang ◽  
Bing Duan ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Ai-Qiang Wang ◽  
Xiao-Gang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Optical Waveguides ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Wide Range

The ability to detect nanoscale objects is particular crucial for a wide range of applications, such as environmental protection, early-stage disease diagnosis and drug discovery. Photonic crystal nanobeam cavity (PCNC) sensors have attracted great attention due to high-quality factors and small-mode volumes (Q/V) and good on-chip integrability with optical waveguides/circuits. In this review, we focus on nanoscale optical sensing based on PCNC sensors, including ultrahigh figure of merit (FOM) sensing, single nanoparticle trapping, label-free molecule detection and an integrated sensor array for multiplexed sensing. We believe that the PCNC sensors featuring ultracompact footprint, high monolithic integration capability, fast response and ultrahigh sensitivity sensing ability, etc., will provide a promising platform for further developing lab-on-a-chip devices for biosensing and other functionalities.

scholarly journals Early Stage Disease Diagnosis Using Human Nail In Image Processing

2021 ◽  
pp. 184-207
Author(s):  
R. Sharine ◽  
J. Sharon ◽  
Dr. G. S. Uthayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Human Nail ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Of Diagnosis ◽  
Colour Changes

Human’s hand nail is analysed to identify many diseases at early stage of diagnosis. Study of person hand nail colour helps in identification of particular disease in healthcare domain. The proposed system guides in such scenario to take decision in disease diagnosis. The input to the proposed system is person nail image. The system will process an image of nail and extract features of nail which is used for disease diagnosis. Human nail consist of various features, out of which proposed system uses nail colour changes for disease diagnosis. Here, first training set data is prepared using Weka tool from nail images of patients of specific diseases. A feature extracted from input nail image is compared with the training dataset to get result. In this experiment we found that using color feature of nail image average 65% results are correctly matched with training set data during three tests conducted. Finally, the early-stage diseases are diagnosed using the Human Nail.

Management of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

2015 ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Stilgenbauer ◽  
Richard R. Furman ◽  
Clive S. Zent
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bcr Signaling

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL) is usually diagnosed in asymptomatic patients with early-stage disease. The standard management approach is careful observation, irrespective of risk factors unless patients meet the International Workshop on CLL (IWCLL) criteria for “active disease,” which requires treatment. The initial standard therapy for most patients combines an anti-CD20 antibody (such as rituximab, ofatumumab, or obinutuzumab) with chemotherapy (fludarabine/cyclophosphamide [FC], bendamustine, or chlorambucil) depending on multiple factors including the physical fitness of the patient. However, patients with very high-risk CLL because of a 17p13 deletion (17p-) with or without mutation of TP53 (17p-/ TP53mut) have poor responses to chemoimmunotherapy and require alternative treatment regimens containing B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway inhibitors. The BCR signaling pathway inhibitors (ibrutinib targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase [BTK] and idelalisib targeting phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase delta [PI3K-delta], respectively) are currently approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory CLL and all patients with 17p- (ibrutinib), and in combination with rituximab for relapsed/refractory patients (idelalisib). These agents offer great efficacy, even in chemotherapy refractory CLL, with increased tolerability, safety, and survival. Ongoing studies aim to determine the best therapy combinations with the goal of achieving long-term disease control and the possibility of developing a curative regimen for some patients. CLL is associated with a wide range of infectious, autoimmune, and malignant complications. These complications result in considerable morbidity and mortality that can be minimized by early detection and aggressive management. This active monitoring requires ongoing patient education, provider vigilance, and a team approach to patient care.

scholarly journals Pediatric Sepsis: Clinical Markers

2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. e42-e53
Author(s):  
S. Szima ◽  
G. Balazs ◽  
N. Elek ◽  
P. Dahlem
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Clinical Markers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pediatric Sepsis

AbstractPediatric sepsis can be caused by infection agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, or their toxins. Clinical features cover a remarkably wide spectrum. Early recognition of the disease and prompt initiation of therapy substantially improve mortality and the outcome of potential complications. After an initial phase of very mild symptoms, the spread of microbes or toxins in the bloodstream presents as septic shock through vasoregulatory disturbance, absolute or relative intravascular volume loss, and consequential tachycardia and hypotension. The most common accompanying symptom is fever. In physical examination, features such as altered mental status, excess respiratory effort, tachycardia, and prolonged capillary refill time are present at an early stage of the disease. Laboratory tests for the assessment of early stage severity and subsequent monitoring of treatment efficacy include point-of-care arterial blood gas analysis and lactate assay. In early stage disease, it is imperative to promptly start adequate antimicrobial and supportive treatment once bacterial cultures have been taken. Despite the availability of a wide range of laboratory and imaging tests today, diagnosis and severity assessment of sepsis still primarily rely on medical history and clinical examination. In light of this, it is possible for trained care providers to detect the early signs of a septic child during repetitive physical examinations. This is still the mainstay of diagnosis and can provide in all care settings a significant reduction in therapeutic delay; this, in turn, helps to reduce sepsis-related mortality and morbidity.

scholarly journals Photonic Crystal Surfaces as a General Purpose Platform for Label-Free and Fluorescent Assays

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian T. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Microfluidic Channels ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Wide Range

Photonic crystal (PC) surfaces can be designed to provide a wide range of functions that are used to perform biochemical and cell-based assays. Detection of the optical resonant reflections from PC surfaces enables high sensitivity label-free biosensing, whereas the enhanced electromagnetic (EM) fields that occur at resonant wavelengths can be used to enhance the detection sensitivity of any surface-based fluorescence assay. Fabrication of PCs from inexpensive plastic materials over large surface areas enables them to be incorporated into standard formats that include microplates, microarrays, and microfluidic channels. This report reviews the design of PC biosensors, their associated detection instrumentation, and biological applications. Applications including high-throughput screening of small molecules, cell membrane integrin activation, gene expression analysis, and protein biomarker detection are highlighted. Recent results in which PC surfaces are used for enhancing the detection of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and the development of high-resolution PC-based laser biosensors are also described.

Clinical Profile of a New Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassay for Tissue Polypeptide Antigen

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Correale ◽  
H. Arnberg ◽  
P. Blockx ◽  
E. Bombardieri ◽  
M. Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Tissue Polypeptide Antigen ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Stage Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disease Stages

Our preliminary evaluation of a new monoclonal antibody-based assay for tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) has shown it to be clinically equivalent to the polyclonal antibody-based assay for TPA. The new assay (TPA-M) employs three monoclonal antibodies to epitopes on cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19. This multicenter, multinational study included 266 patients with newly diagnosed carcinomas of the lung, breast, large bowel and urinary bladder. TPA values from the two assays were compared with three other cytokeratin markers (TPS, CYFRA 21–1 and TPACyk) and with the established reference markers for these malignancies (CEA and NSE for lung, CA 15–3 for breast, CEA and CA 19–9 for colorectal tumors). Analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in lung, colorectal and bladder cancer showed similar sensitivities for the two assays, ranging from 50% to 80% with a specificity of 95%. In breast cancer all the markers studied showed poor sensitivity. However, TPA determination by either method could discriminate advanced stage (stages III and IV) from early stage disease (stages 0 to II). TPA showed similar discriminating ability in bladder cancer. On the basis of the results obtained in our patient series, it seems that of the cytokeratin markers studied, TPA and TPA-M are the most sensitive and offer a wide range of clinical applications.

scholarly journals Novel blood test for early biomarkers of preeclampsia and Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibin Cheng ◽  
Sayani Banerjee ◽  
Lori A. Daiello ◽  
Akitoshi Nakashima ◽  
Sukanta Jash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Blood Test ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Protein Aggregates ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity

AbstractA non-invasive and sensitive blood test has long been a goal for early stage disease diagnosis and treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other proteinopathy diseases. We previously reported that preeclampsia (PE), a severe pregnancy complication, is another proteinopathy disorder with impaired autophagy. We hypothesized that induced autophagy deficiency would promote accumulation of pathologic protein aggregates. Here, we describe a novel, sensitive assay that detects serum protein aggregates from patients with PE (n = 33 early onset and 33 late onset) and gestational age-matched controls (n = 77) as well as AD in both dementia and prodromal mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 24) stages with age-matched controls (n = 19). The assay employs exposure of genetically engineered, autophagy-deficient human trophoblasts (ADTs) to serum from patients. The aggregated protein complexes and their individual components, including transthyretin, amyloid β-42, α-synuclein, and phosphorylated tau231, can be detected and quantified by co-staining with ProteoStat, a rotor dye with affinity to aggregated proteins, and respective antibodies. Detection of protein aggregates in ADTs was not dependent on transcriptional upregulation of these biomarkers. The ROC curve analysis validated the robustness of the assay for its specificity and sensitivity (PE; AUC: 1, CI: 0.949–1.00; AD; AUC: 0.986, CI: 0.832–1.00). In conclusion, we have developed a novel, noninvasive diagnostic and predictive assay for AD, MCI and PE.

Non-Invasive Assessment of Liver Fibrosis Progression and Prognosis in Primary Biliary Cholangitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 115-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raoul Poupon
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse ◽  
Primary Biliary Cholangitis ◽  
Biliary Cirrhosis ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Wide Range

PBC (formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis and now named primary biliary cholangitis) is a disease with a wide range of severity and variable rate of progression. The diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis portends an increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality. Because of its invasiveness, liver biopsy tends to be replaced by non-invasive tools for assessing liver fibrosis, making prognosis and optimising risk stratification for selection of patients, requiring new medical approaches. Many direct or indirect biomarkers have been found to correlate with the severity of liver fibrosis in PBC. They are easy to use but lack sensitivity and reproducibility in individuals with early stage disease. Three main radiologic approaches are currently proposed to assess liver fibrosis: vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE), acoustic radiation force impulse and magnetic resonance elastography. Data using VCTE are available only for the longitudinal evaluation of liver fibrosis and prognosis in PBC. VCTE outperformed all other non-invasive current surrogate markers of liver fibrosis in PBC. Because of its high acceptability and its ability to predict hepatic decompensation, VCTE could be a useful tool to help allocate cirrhotic patients into different categories of risk. None of the radiologic and serum markers have a perfect accuracy in studies so far published. Concordance between VCTE and serum biomarkers is a prerequisite for a correct prognosis assessment in individuals in clinical practice.

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