scholarly journals Microfluidic Device Using Mouse Small Intestinal Tissue for the Observation of Fluidic Behavior in the Lumen

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Satoru Kuriu ◽  
Naoyuki Yamamoto ◽  
Tadashi Ishida
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Microfluidic Device ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Small Intestinal

The small intestine has the majority of a host’s immune cells, and it controls immune responses. Immune responses are induced by a gut bacteria sampling process in the small intestine. The mechanism of immune responses in the small intestine is studied by genomic or histological techniques after in vivo experiments. While the distribution of gut bacteria, which can be decided by the fluid flow field in the small intestinal tract, is important for immune responses, the fluid flow field has not been studied due to limits in experimental methods. Here, we propose a microfluidic device with chemically fixed small intestinal tissue as a channel. A fluid flow field in the small intestinal tract with villi was observed and analyzed by particle image velocimetry. After the experiment, the distribution of microparticles on the small intestinal tissue was histologically analyzed. The result suggests that the fluid flow field supports the settlement of microparticles on the villi.

scholarly journals Phosphopeptides and soluble calcium in the small intestine of rats given a casein diet

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Sook Lee ◽  
T. Noguchi ◽  
H. Naito
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Soluble Calcium ◽  
Small Intestinal

1. Semi-synthetic diets containing 200 g protein/kg were meal-fed for 1.5 h to groups of rats. The contents of the whole small intestinal tract were collected and the amount of soluble calcium was determined.2. In the rats given 200 g casein/kg diet, formation of a fraction containing macrophosphopeptide in the small intestine was confirmed by gelfiltration of the intestinal contents on Sephadex G-25. However, this macrophosphopeptide fraction was not found when casein alone was fed.3. In the intestinal contents at 2.5 h after ingestion, the amounts of both soluble Ca and phosphorus were significantly higher in rats fed the casein diet than in those fed diets containing egg albumin, isolated soyabean protein or an amino acid mixture. However, the amount of insoluble Ca was least in rats fed the casein diet.

Changes in the small intestine ofSchistosoma mansoni-infected mice fed a high-fat diet

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALBA CRISTINA MIRANDA DE BARROS ALENCAR ◽  
RENATA HEISLER NEVES ◽  
ALBANITA VIANA DE OLIVEIRA ◽  
JOSÉ ROBERTO MACHADO-SILVA
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Intestinal Segments ◽  
Villous Surface ◽  
Mucosal Thickness ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Morphology And Morphometry

SUMMARYThe consumption of a high-fat diet modifies both the morphology of the small intestine and experimentally tested effects of schistosomiasis mansoni. However, whether a schistosomiasis infection associated with a high-fat diet causes injury to the small intestine has never been investigated. Mice were fed either a high-fat or a standard-fat diet for 6 months and were then infected withSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Physical characteristics of the intestinal tissue (mucosal thickness, small intestinal villi length and height, and abundance of goblet cells and enterocytes on the villous surface) and the distribution of granulomas along the intestinal segments and their developmental stage were measured at the time of sacrifice (9 or 17 weeks post-infection). The group fed a high-fat diet exhibited different granuloma stages, whereas the control group possessed only exudative granulomas. The chronically infected mice fed a high-fat diet exhibited higher granuloma and egg numbers than the acutely infected group. Exudative, exudative/exudative-productive and exudative-productive granulomas were present irrespective of diet. Computer-aided morphometric analysis confirmed that villus length, villus width, muscular height and submucosal height of the duodenal and jejunal segments were affected by diet and infection. In conclusion, a high-fat diet and infection had a significant impact on the small intestine morphology and morphometry among the animals tested.

scholarly journals Presence and Germination of the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis DE111® in the Human Small Intestinal Tract: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Colom ◽  
Daniela Freitas ◽  
Annie Simon ◽  
Andre Brodkorb ◽  
Martin Buckley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Probiotic Strain ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Final Time Point ◽  
Small Intestinal

Spore-based probiotics offer important advantages over other probiotics as they can survive the harsh gastric conditions of the stomach and bile salts in the small intestine, ultimately germinating in the digestive tract. A novel clinical trial in 11 ileostomy participants was conducted to directly investigate the presence and germination of the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis DE111® in the small intestine. Three hours following ingestion of DE111®, B. subtilis spores (6.4 × 104 ± 1.3 × 105 CFU/g effluent dry weight) and vegetative cells (4.7 × 104 ± 1.1 × 105 CFU/g effluent dry weight) began to appear in the ileum effluent. Six hours after ingestion, spore concentration increased to 9.7 × 107 ± 8.1 × 107 CFU/g and remained constant to the final time point of 8 h. Vegetative cells reached a concentration of 7.3 × 107 ± 1.4 × 108 CFU/g at 7 h following ingestion. These results reveal orally ingested B. subtilis DE111® spores are able to remain viable during transit through the stomach and germinate in the small intestine of humans within 3 h of ingestion.

Effect of Lunasin Extract on Histopathology of Mice Induced with Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate: Focus on Small Intestine Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 6117-6124
Author(s):  
Euginia Christa ◽  
Kusmardi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Dextran Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Small Intestine Cancer ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

Within the last decade, incidence of small bowel cancer has increased by more than fourfold. This number is predicted to steadily rise due to shift in diet and lifestyle. The primary and only definite therapy for small intestine cancer is radical segmental resection, which carries side effects and risks during and after surgery. Current chemotherapy and neoadjuvant therapy do not exert significant result. Lunasin, a novel peptide originated from soybean, is believed to promote cellular health epigenetically and reduce inflammation. There is possibility for lunasin extract to emerge as a new and effective adjuvant therapy for small intestine malignancies. A total of 20 Balb/c mice were divided into four groups. All mice were induced with azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. For the next six weeks, each group was given different concentration of lunasin extract. After eight weeks, the mice were sacrificed. The small intestinal tissue was harvested and stained using hematoxylin-eosin. The amount of hyperplasia, dysplasia, angiogenesis, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells were then observed under the microscope. There is significant difference in the amount of dysplasia (p = 0.000) and angiogenesis (p = 0.009) among the groups that receive different concentrations of lunasin. However, there is no effect of lunasin administration to the amount of hyperplasia, inflammatory foci, and goblet cells. Nondose-dependent administration of lunasin extract improves dysplasia and angiogenesis, but not other factors in small intestine carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Lymphocyte Cc Chemokine Receptor 9 and Epithelial Thymus-Expressed Chemokine (Teck) Expression Distinguish the Small Intestinal Immune Compartment

2000 ◽  
Vol 192 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Kunkel ◽  
James J. Campbell ◽  
Guttorm Haraldsen ◽  
Junliang Pan ◽  
Judie Boisvert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chemokine Receptor ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Cc Chemokine ◽  
Intestinal Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Small Intestinal

The immune system has evolved specialized cellular and molecular mechanisms for targeting and regulating immune responses at epithelial surfaces. Here we show that small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes migrate to thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK). This attraction is mediated by CC chemokine receptor (CCR)9, a chemoattractant receptor expressed at high levels by essentially all CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the small intestine. Only a small subset of lymphocytes in the colon are CCR9+, and lymphocytes from other tissues including tonsils, lung, inflamed liver, normal or inflamed skin, inflamed synovium and synovial fluid, breast milk, and seminal fluid are universally CCR9−. TECK expression is also restricted to the small intestine: immunohistochemistry reveals that intense anti-TECK reactivity characterizes crypt epithelium in the jejunum and ileum, but not in other epithelia of the digestive tract (including stomach and colon), skin, lung, or salivary gland. These results imply a restricted role for lymphocyte CCR9 and its ligand TECK in the small intestine, and provide the first evidence for distinctive mechanisms of lymphocyte recruitment that may permit functional specialization of immune responses in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. Selective expression of chemokines by differentiated epithelium may represent an important mechanism for targeting and specialization of immune responses.

The antibody response in serum, intestinal wall and intestinal lumen of NMRI mice infected with Echinostoma caproni

1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Agger ◽  
P. E. Simonsen ◽  
B. J. Vennervald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Echinostoma Caproni ◽  
Iga Antibody ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Antibody Levels

AbstractGroups of mice (NMRI) were infected with 0.6 and 25 metacercariae of the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for measuring the specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibody responses in serum, small intestinal tissue and small intestinal lumen of the mice, by using a crude adult E. caproni antigen. In infected mice, significant levels of IgM were measured in the sera from day 14 after infection and of IgG and IgA from day 28 after infection. Early in the infection, the mean level of serum IgM was higher in 6-worm infections than in 25-worm infections. Late in the infection, higher mean levels of IgA were reached in the serum of mice with high than in those with low dose infections. The onset of appearance of antibodies in the tissue of the small intestine reflected the picture seen in the serum. For IgM, and to a lesser degree for IgG, the highest mean antibody levels appeared in the posterior sections of the small intestinal wall, where also the parasites were located. The mean level of IgA, however, was uniform throughout the length of the small intestinal tissue. High levels of specific IgA were detected in the lumen of the small intestine on day 28 after infection, especially in the anterior sections, where only few parasites were located. No specific IgM or IgG could be detected in the intestinal lumen on this day. The results are related to the intestinal location and the pattern of expulsion of E. caproni in the mouse host.

scholarly journals In Vivo Evaluation of Histopathological Alterations and Trace Metals Estimation of the Small Intestine in Bisphenol A-Intoxicated Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Ambreen ◽  
Tasleem Akhtar ◽  
Naila Hameed ◽  
Isbah Ashfaq ◽  
Nadeem Sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Trace Metals ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Total Iron ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Iron Level ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Serum Profiling ◽  
Calcium Deposits ◽  
Small Intestinal

BPA, a ubiquitously used plasticizer, has become one of the contaminants of emerging concern and causes many serious health implications in humans due to multiple exposure pathways. The current study was aimed at investigating the deformities of structures that arise by exposure of the small intestine to BPA through trace elements estimation of tissues as well as the study of serum profile. Two major groups of Wistar rats were established: one control group and the other experimental group, which was further divided into four groups based on dose (10 mg/kg/bodyweight and 25 mg/kg/bodyweight, respectively) and duration of exposure (6 and 12 weeks, respectively). Histological study of the small intestine showed the distorted structures in the experimental groups. The special staining performed illustrated the accumulation of calcium deposits in the small intestinal tissue in treated groups. Trace metals estimation showed a significant increase in the metallic content of sodium and iron and a decrease in the calcium content in the experimental groups (p=0.05). Serum profiling illustrated an increase in total iron-binding capacity and glucose levels and a decrease in the serum total iron level (p=0.05). An increased expression of a proinflammatory cytokine (IFN-α) was observed in the liver. From all these findings, it was inferred that BPA caused many structural alterations in the small intestinal tissue, which further affected its functioning. The calcium deposits seen through special staining affected the motility of the small intestine and caused its dysfunction. It was also induced from serum profiling that BPA affected the homeostasis of iron and glucose and caused its imbalance. Also, as BPA got absorbed from the small intestine and reached the liver via the blood stream, it caused hepatoxicity in the liver and led to increased inflammatory response by IFN-α against the toxicant.

scholarly journals Small intestinal immune-environmental changes induced by oral tolerance inhibit experimental atopic dermatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Na Um ◽  
Jin-Ok Baek ◽  
Sohyeon Park ◽  
Eun-Hui Lee ◽  
Jinsun Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Oral Tolerance ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intestinal Immunity ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Chronic Skin

AbstractAtopic dermatitis is a chronic skin inflammatory disease mediated by Th2-type immune responses. Although intestinal immune responses have been shown to play a critical role in the development or prevention of atopic dermatitis, the precise influence of intestinal immunity on atopic dermatitis is incompletely understood. We show here that orally tolerized mice are protected from experimental atopic dermatitis induced by sensitization and epicutaneous (EC) challenge to ovalbumin. Although the expression of Th2-type cytokines in the small intestine of orally tolerized and EC-challenged mice did not change significantly, these mice showed decreased inflammatory responses in the small intestine with restoration of microbial change elicited by the EC challenge. Interestingly, an increase in small intestinal eosinophils was observed with the EC challenge, which was also inhibited by oral tolerance. The role of small intestinal eosinophils and microbiota in the pathogenesis of experimental atopic dermatitis was further substantiated by decreased inflammatory mediators in the small intestine and attenuated Th2-type inflammation in the skin of eosinophil-deficient and microbiota-ablated mice with EC challenges. Based on these data, we propose that the bidirectional interaction between the skin and the intestine has a role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and that modulation of the intestinal microenvironments could be a therapeutic approach to atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Morphological Transformation between Flat and Tube Structures by Coordinated Motions of Soft Pneumatic Microactuators

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Konishi ◽  
Fumitaka Oya
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Peristaltic Motion ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Higher Order Functions ◽  
Tube Structure

Abstract Microactuators are the most distinctive and challenging microdevices among micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) relative to microsensors or electronic circuits. Soft and flexible microactuators have been achieved by introducing polymers as structural materials in addition to conventional materials. Expanding the application of MEMS to the biomedical field requires particular features, such as softness and small devices. It is important to address small and fragile biological objects while satisfying the demand for minimally invasive medicine. Both MEMS and biomedical applications require three-dimensional microstructures for higher-order functions. In general, microactuators are limited to simple motions such as bending. Our group has developed an openable artificial small intestinal tract system. An array of pneumatic balloon actuators (PBAs) transforms a flat structure into a tube structure representing the small intestine. Coordination of the bending motions of the PBAs enables the formation of a three-dimensional tube structure. Each PBA is 400 μm × 1800 μm × 100 μm. The diameter of the tube structure is 1 mm. Additional higher-order functions of the artificial small intestine, such as peristaltic motion, are currently of interest for us. This paper describes the morphological transformation of a soft microstructure and further potential possibilities of coordinated motions of soft microactuators.

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