scholarly journals Rhizosphere Metagenomics of Paspalum scrobiculatum L. (Kodo Millet) Reveals Rhizobiome Multifunctionalities

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Ratna Prabha ◽  
Dhananjaya P. Singh ◽  
Shailendra Gupta ◽  
Vijai Kumar Gupta ◽  
Hesham A. El-Enshasy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Aromatic Compound ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Kodo Millet ◽  
Phytohormone Synthesis

Multifunctionalities linked with the microbial communities associated with the millet crop rhizosphere has remained unexplored. In this study, we are analyzing microbial communities inhabiting rhizosphere of kodo millet and their associated functions and its impact over plant growth and survival. Metagenomics of Paspalum scrobiculatum L.(kodo millet) rhizopshere revealed taxonomic communities with functional capabilities linked to support growth and development of the plants under nutrient-deprived, semi-arid and dry biotic conditions. Among 65 taxonomically diverse phyla identified in the rhizobiome, Actinobacteria were the most abundant followed by the Proteobacteria. Functions identified for different genes/proteins led to revelations that multifunctional rhizobiome performs several metabolic functions including carbon fixation, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, iron and aromatic compound metabolism, stress response, secondary metabolite synthesis and virulence, disease, and defense. Abundance of genes linked with N, P, S, Fe and aromatic compound metabolism and phytohormone synthesis—along with other prominent functions—clearly justifies growth, development, and survival of the plants under nutrient deprived dry environment conditions. The dominance of actinobacteria, the known antibiotic producing communities shows that the kodo rhizobiome possesses metabolic capabilities to defend themselves against biotic stresses. The study opens avenues to revisit multi-functionalities of the crop rhizosphere for establishing link between taxonomic abundance and targeted functions that help plant growth and development in stressed and nutrient deprived soil conditions. It further helps in understanding the role of rhizosphere microbiome in adaptation and survival of plants in harsh abiotic conditions.

scholarly journals Development of soil microbial communities for promoting sustainability in agriculture and a global carbon fix

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Johnson ◽  
Joe Ellington ◽  
Wesley Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Total System ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Agriculture Management

The goals of this research were to explore alternative agriculture management practices in both greenhouse and field trials that do not require the use of synthetic and/or inorganic nutrient amendments but instead would emulate mechanisms operating in natural ecosystems, between plant and Soil Microbial Communities (SMC), for plant nutrient acquisition and growth. Greenhouse plant-growth trials, implementing a progression of soil conditions with increasing soil carbon (C) (C= 0.14% to 5.3%) and associated SMC population with increasing Fungal to Bacterial ratios (F:B) ( from 0.04 to 3.68), promoted a) increased C partitioning into plant shoot and plant fruit partitions (m=4.41, r2=0.99), b) significant quantities of plant photosynthate, 49%-97% of Total System New C (CTSN), partitioned towards increasing soil C c) four times reduction in soil C respiration (CR) as F:B ratios increased, starting with 44% of initial treatment soil C content respired in bacterial-dominant soils (low F:B), to 11% of soil C content respired in higher fertility fungal-dominant soils (Power Regression, r2=0.90; p=0.003). Plant growth trials in fields managed for increased soil C content and enhanced SMC population and structure (increased F:B) demonstrated: a) dry aboveground biomass production rates (g m-2) of ~1,980 g in soils initiating SMC enhancement (soil C=0.87, F:B= 0.80) with observed potentials of 8,450 g in advanced soils (soil C=7.6%, F:B=4.3) b) a 25-times increase in active soil fungal biomass and a ~7.5 times increase in F:B over a 19 month application period to enhance SMC and c) reduced soil C respiration rates, from 1.25 g C m-2 day-1 in low fertility soils (soil C= 0.6%, F:B= 0.25) with only a doubling of respiration rates to 2.5 g C m-2 day-1 in a high-fertility soil with an enhanced SMC (F:B= 4.3) and >7 times more soil C content (soil C= 7.6%). Enhancing SMC population and F:B structure in a 4.5 year agricultural field study promoted annual average capture and storage of 10.27 metric tons soil C ha-1 year -1 while increasing soil macro-, meso- and micro-nutrient availability offering a robust, cost-effective carbon sequestration mechanism within a more productive and long-term sustainable agriculture management approach.

scholarly journals Identification and Expression of SAUR Genes in the CAM Plant Agave

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 555
Author(s):  
Gang Deng ◽  
Xing Huang ◽  
Li Xie ◽  
Shibei Tan ◽  
Thomas Gbokie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Auxin Signaling ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Cam Plants ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Species Specific

Agave species are important crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants and widely cultivated in tropical areas for producing tequila spirit and fiber. The hybrid H11648 of Agave ((A. amaniensis × A. angustifolia) × A. amaniensis) is the main cultivar for fiber production in Brazil, China, and African countries. Small Auxin Up-regulated RNA (SAUR) genes have broad effect on auxin signaling-regulated plant growth and development, while only few SAUR genes have been reported in Agave species. In this study, we identified 43, 60, 24, and 21 SAUR genes with full-length coding regions in A. deserti, A. tequilana, A. H11648, and A. americana, respectively. Although phylogenetic analysis revealed that rice contained a species-specific expansion pattern of SAUR gene, no similar phenomena were observed in Agave species. The in silico expression indicated that SAUR genes had a distinct expression pattern in A. H11648 compared with other Agave species; and four SAUR genes were differentially expressed during CAM diel cycle in A. americana. Additionally, an expression analysis was conducted to estimate SAUR gene expression during different leaf developmental stages, abiotic and biotic stresses in A. H11648. Together, we first characterized the SAUR genes of Agave based on previously published transcriptome datasets and emphasized the potential functions of SAUR genes in Agave’s leaf development and stress responses. The identification of which further expands our understanding on auxin signaling-regulated plant growth and development in Agave species.

scholarly journals Effect of Drought, Nitrogen Fertilization, Temperature, and Photoperiodicity on Quinoa Plant Growth and Development in the Sahel

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvar-Beltrán ◽  
Dao ◽  
Marta ◽  
Saturnin ◽  
Casini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Four Levels

Drought, heat stress, and unfavorable soil conditions are key abiotic factors affecting quinoa’s growth and development. The aim of this research was to examine the effect of progressive drought and N-fertilization reduction on short-cycle varieties of quinoa (c.v. Titicaca) for different sowing dates during the dry season (from October to December). A two-year experimentation (2017–2018 and 2018–2019) was carried out in Burkina Faso with four levels of irrigation (full irrigation—FI, progressive drought—PD, deficit irrigation—DI and extreme deficit irrigation—EDI) and four levels of N-fertilization (100, 50, 25, and 0 kg N ha−1). Plant phenology and development, just like crop outputs in the form of yield, biomass, and quality of the seeds were evaluated for different sowing dates having different temperature ranges and photoperiodicity. Crop water productivity (CWP) function was used for examining plant’s water use efficiency under drought stress conditions. Emerging findings have shown that CWP was highest under DI and PD (0.683 and 0.576 kg m−3, respectively), while highest yields were observed in 2017–2018 under PD and its interaction with 25 to 50 kg N ha−1 (1356 and 1110 kg ha−1, respectively). Mean temperatures close to 25 °C were suitable for optimal plant growth, while extreme temperatures at anthesis limited the production of grains. Small changes in photoperiodicity from different sowing dates were not critical for plant growth.

scholarly journals The Evolution and Functional Roles of miR408 and Its Targets in Plants

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 530
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Baohua Feng ◽  
Caixia Gao ◽  
Huiquan Zhang ◽  
Fengting Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cellular Antioxidants

MicroRNA408 (miR408) is an ancient and highly conserved miRNA, which is involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress response. However, previous research results on the evolution and functional roles of miR408 and its targets are relatively scattered, and there is a lack of a systematic comparison and comprehensive summary of the detailed evolutionary pathways and regulatory mechanisms of miR408 and its targets in plants. Here, we analyzed the evolutionary pathway of miR408 in plants, and summarized the functions of miR408 and its targets in regulating plant growth and development and plant responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. The evolutionary analysis shows that miR408 is an ancient and highly conserved microRNA, which is widely distributed in different plants. miR408 regulates the growth and development of different plants by down-regulating its targets, encoding blue copper (Cu) proteins, and by transporting Cu to plastocyanin (PC), which affects photosynthesis and ultimately promotes grain yield. In addition, miR408 improves tolerance to stress by down-regulating target genes and enhancing cellular antioxidants, thereby increasing the antioxidant capacity of plants. This review expands and promotes an in-depth understanding of the evolutionary and regulatory roles of miR408 and its targets in plants.

scholarly journals The pip1s Quintuple Mutants Demonstrate the Essential Roles of PIP1s in the Plant Growth and Development of Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1669
Author(s):  
Xing Wang ◽  
Yu Wu ◽  
Zijin Liu ◽  
Tong Liu ◽  
Lamei Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Carbon Fixation ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Triple Mutant ◽  
Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins ◽  
Rosette Leaf

Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) transport water, CO2 and small neutral solutes across the plasma membranes. In this study, we used the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 system (CRISPR/Cas9) to mutate PIP1;4 and PIP1;5 in a pip1;1,2,3 triple mutant to generate a pip1;1,2,3,4,5 (pip1s−) quintuple mutant. Compared to the wild-type (WT) plant, the pip1s− mutants had smaller sized rosette leaves and flowers, less rosette leaf number, more undeveloped siliques, shorter silique and less seeds. The pollen germination rate of the pip1s− mutant was significantly lower than that of the WT and the outer wall of the pip1s− mutant’s pollen was deformed. The transcriptomic analysis showed significant alterations in the expression of many key genes and transcription factors (TFs) in the pip1s− mutant which involved in the development of leaf, flower and pollen, suggesting that the mutant of PIP1s not only directly affects hydraulics and carbon fixation, but also regulates the expression of related genes to affect plant growth and development.

scholarly journals The impact of multifactorial stress combination on plant growth and survival

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara I. Zandalinas ◽  
Soham Sengupta ◽  
Felix B. Fritschi ◽  
Rajeev K. Azad ◽  
Rachel Nechushtai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Plain Language ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Plant Acclimation ◽  
The Impact

SummaryClimate change-driven extreme weather events, combined with increasing temperatures, harsh soil conditions, low water availability and quality, and the introduction of many man-made pollutants, pose a unique challenge to plants. Although our knowledge of the response of plants to each of these individual conditions is vast, we know very little about how a combination of many of these factors, occurring simultaneously, i.e., multifactorial stress combination, impacts plants.Seedlings of wild type and different mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana plants were subjected to a multifactorial stress combination of six different stresses, each applied at a low level, and their survival, physiological and molecular responses determined.Our findings reveal that while each of the different stresses, applied individually, had a negligible effect on plant growth and survival, the accumulated impact of multifactorial stress combination on plants was detrimental. We further show that the response of plants to multifactorial stress combination is unique and that specific pathways and processes play a critical role in the acclimation of plants to multifactorial stress combination.Taken together our findings reveal that further polluting our environment could result in higher complexities of multifactorial stress combinations that in turn could drive a critical decline in plant growth and survival.Plain Language SummaryThe effects of multiple stress conditions occurring simultaneously, i.e., multifactorial stress combination, on plants is currently unknown. Here we show that different co-occurring stresses can interact to negatively impact plant growth and survival, even if the effect of each individual stress is negligible. We further identify several key pathways essential for plant acclimation to multifactorial stress combination.

scholarly journals Development of soil microbial communities for promoting sustainability in agriculture and a global carbon fix

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Johnson ◽  
Joe Ellington ◽  
Wesley Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Total System ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Agriculture Management

The goals of this research were to explore alternative agriculture management practices in both greenhouse and field trials that do not require the use of synthetic and/or inorganic nutrient amendments but instead would emulate mechanisms operating in natural ecosystems, between plant and Soil Microbial Communities (SMC), for plant nutrient acquisition and growth. Greenhouse plant-growth trials, implementing a progression of soil conditions with increasing soil carbon (C) (C= 0.14% to 5.3%) and associated SMC population with increasing Fungal to Bacterial ratios (F:B) ( from 0.04 to 3.68), promoted a) increased C partitioning into plant shoot and plant fruit partitions (m=4.41, r2=0.99), b) significant quantities of plant photosynthate, 49%-97% of Total System New C (CTSN), partitioned towards increasing soil C c) four times reduction in soil C respiration (CR) as F:B ratios increased, starting with 44% of initial treatment soil C content respired in bacterial-dominant soils (low F:B), to 11% of soil C content respired in higher fertility fungal-dominant soils (Power Regression, r2=0.90; p=0.003). Plant growth trials in fields managed for increased soil C content and enhanced SMC population and structure (increased F:B) demonstrated: a) dry aboveground biomass production rates (g m-2) of ~1,980 g in soils initiating SMC enhancement (soil C=0.87, F:B= 0.80) with observed potentials of 8,450 g in advanced soils (soil C=7.6%, F:B=4.3) b) a 25-times increase in active soil fungal biomass and a ~7.5 times increase in F:B over a 19 month application period to enhance SMC and c) reduced soil C respiration rates, from 1.25 g C m-2 day-1 in low fertility soils (soil C= 0.6%, F:B= 0.25) with only a doubling of respiration rates to 2.5 g C m-2 day-1 in a high-fertility soil with an enhanced SMC (F:B= 4.3) and >7 times more soil C content (soil C= 7.6%). Enhancing SMC population and F:B structure in a 4.5 year agricultural field study promoted annual average capture and storage of 10.27 metric tons soil C ha-1 year -1 while increasing soil macro-, meso- and micro-nutrient availability offering a robust, cost-effective carbon sequestration mechanism within a more productive and long-term sustainable agriculture management approach.

scholarly journals Tissue-Specific RNA-Seq Analysis and Identification of Receptor-Like Proteins Related to Plant Growth in Capsicum annuum

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 972
Author(s):  
Won-Hee Kang ◽  
Boseul Park ◽  
Junesung Lee ◽  
Seon-In Yeom
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Biotic Stresses

Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are a gene family of cell surface receptors that are involved in plant growth, development, and disease resistance. In a recent study, 438 pepper RLP genes were identified in the Capsicum annuum genome (CaRLPs) and determined to be present in response to multiple biotic stresses. To further understand the role of CaRLPs in plant growth and development, we analyzed expression patterns of all CaRLPs from various pepper tissues and developmental stages using RNA-seq. Ten CaRLP genes were selected for further analysis according to transcript levels with hierarchical clustering. The selected CaRLP genes displayed similarity of motifs within the same groups and structures typical of RLPs. To examine RLP function in growth and development, we performed loss-of-function analysis using a virus-induced gene silencing system. Three of the ten tested CaRLPs (CaRLP238, 253, and 360) in silenced plants exhibited phenotypic alteration with growth retardation compared to controls. All three gene-silenced peppers showed significant differences in root dry weight. Only CaRLP238 had significant differences in both root and shoot dry weight. Our results suggest that CaRLPs may play important roles in regulation of plant growth and development as well as function in defense responses to biotic stresses in the RLP gene family.

scholarly journals Role of Basal ABA in Plant Growth and Development

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1936
Author(s):  
Benjamin P. Brookbank ◽  
Jasmin Patel ◽  
Sonia Gazzarrini ◽  
Eiji Nambara
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Stomatal Development ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Hydrophobic Polymers

Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.

Mechanisms of ethylene biosynthesis and response in plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Ethylene Response ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Ethylene is the simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon, yet it has profound effects on plant growth and development, including many agriculturally important phenomena. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying ethylene biosynthesis and signalling have resulted in the elucidation of multistep mechanisms which at first glance appear simple, but in fact represent several levels of control to tightly regulate the level of production and response. Ethylene biosynthesis represents a two-step process that is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-translational levels, thus enabling plants to control the amount of ethylene produced with regard to promotion of responses such as climacteric flower senescence and fruit ripening. Ethylene production subsequently results in activation of the ethylene response, as ethylene accumulation will trigger the ethylene signalling pathway to activate ethylene-dependent transcription for promotion of the response and for resetting the pathway. A more detailed knowledge of the mechanisms underlying biosynthesis and the ethylene response will ultimately enable new approaches to be developed for control of the initiation and progression of ethylene-dependent developmental processes, many of which are of horticultural significance.

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