scholarly journals A One Health Comparative Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance in Generic and Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli from Beef Production, Sewage and Clinical Settings

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emelia H. Adator ◽  
Claudia Narvaez-Bravo ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
Shaun R. Cook ◽  
Lisa Tymensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Extended Spectrum

This study aimed to compare antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant and generic Escherichia coli from a One Health continuum of the beef production system in Alberta, Canada. A total of 705 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant E. coli (ESCr) were obtained from: cattle feces (CFeces, n = 382), catch basins (CBasins, n = 137), surrounding streams (SStreams, n = 59), beef processing plants (BProcessing, n = 4), municipal sewage (MSewage; n = 98) and human clinical specimens (CHumans, n = 25). Generic isolates (663) included: CFeces (n = 142), CBasins (n = 185), SStreams (n = 81), BProcessing (n = 159) and MSewage (n = 96). All isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility to 9 antimicrobials and two clavulanic acid combinations. In ESCr, oxytetracycline (87.7%), ampicillin (84.4%) and streptomycin (73.8%) resistance phenotypes were the most common, with source influencing AMR prevalence (p < 0.001). In generic E. coli, oxytetracycline (51.1%), streptomycin (22.6%), ampicillin (22.5%) and sulfisoxazole (14.3%) resistance were most common. Overall, 88.8% of ESCr, and 26.7% of generic isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). MDR in ESCr was high from all sources: CFeces (97.1%), MSewage (96.9%), CHumans (96%), BProcessing (100%), CBasins (70.5%) and SStreams (61.4%). MDR in generic E. coli was lower with CFeces (45.1%), CBasins (34.6%), SStreams (23.5%), MSewage (13.6%) and BProcessing (10.7%). ESBL phenotypes were confirmed in 24.7% (n = 174) ESCr and 0.6% of generic E. coli. Prevalence of bla genes in ESCr were blaCTXM (30.1%), blaCTXM-1 (21.6%), blaTEM (20%), blaCTXM-9 (7.9%), blaOXA (3.0%), blaCTXM-2 (6.4%), blaSHV (1.4%) and AmpC β-lactamase blaCMY (81.3%). The lower AMR in ESCr from SStreams and BProcessing and higher AMR in CHumans and CFeces likely reflects antimicrobial use in these environments. Although MDR levels were higher in ESCr as compared to generic E. coli, AMR to the same antimicrobials ranked high in both ESCr and generic E. coli sub-populations. This suggests that both sub-populations reflect similar AMR trends and are equally useful for AMR surveillance. Considering that MDR ESCr MSewage isolates were obtained without enrichment, while those from CFeces were obtained with enrichment, MSewage may serve as a hot spot for MDR emergence and dissemination.

scholarly journals Whole Genome Sequencing Differentiates Presumptive Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli along Segments of the One Health Continuum

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emelia H. Adator ◽  
Matthew Walker ◽  
Claudia Narvaez-Bravo ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
Noriko Goji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
One Health ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Secretion Systems ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
The One

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has important implications for the continued use of antibiotics to control infectious diseases in both beef cattle and humans. AMR along the One Health continuum of the beef production system is largely unknown. Here, whole genomes of presumptive extended-spectrum β-lactamase E. coli (ESBL-EC) from cattle feces (n = 40), feedlot catch basins (n = 42), surrounding streams (n = 21), a beef processing plant (n = 4), municipal sewage (n = 30), and clinical patients (n = 25) are described. ESBL-EC were isolated from ceftriaxone selective plates and subcultured on ampicillin selective plates. Agreement of genotype-phenotype prediction of AMR ranged from 93.2% for ampicillin to 100% for neomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and enrofloxacin resistance. Overall, β-lactam (100%; blaEC, blaTEM-1, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCTX-M-), tetracycline (90.1%; tet(A), tet(B)) and folate synthesis (sul2) antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were most prevalent. The ARGs tet(C), tet(M), tet(32), blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaOXA-1, dfrA18, dfrA19, catB3, and catB4 were exclusive to human sources, while blaTEM-150, blaSHV-11–12, dfrA12, cmlA1, and cmlA5 were exclusive to beef cattle sources. Frequently encountered virulence factors across all sources included adhesion and type II and III secretion systems, while IncFIB(AP001918) and IncFII plasmids were also common. Specificity and prevalence of ARGs between cattle-sourced and human-sourced presumptive ESBL-EC likely reflect differences in antimicrobial use in cattle and humans. Comparative genomics revealed phylogenetically distinct clusters for isolates from human vs. cattle sources, implying that human infections caused by ESBL-EC in this region might not originate from beef production sources.

scholarly journals Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamase enzymes prevalence in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ronak Bakhtiari ◽  
Jalil Fallah Mehrabadi ◽  
Hedroosha Molla Agamirzaei ◽  
Ailar Sabbaghi ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Resistance to b-lactam antibiotics by gramnegative bacteria, especially <em>Escherichia coli (E. coli)</em>, is a major public health issue worldwide. The predominant resistance mechanism in gram negative bacteria particularly <em>E. coli </em>is via the production of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBLs) enzymes. In recent years, the prevalence of b-lactamase producing organisms is increased and identification of these isolates by using disk diffusion method and no-one else is not satisfactory. So, this investigation focused on evaluating the prevalence of ESBL enzymes by disk diffusion method and confirmatory test (Combined Disk). Five hundred clinical samples were collected and 200 <em>E. coli </em>isolates were detected by standard biochemical tests. To performing initial screening of ESBLs was used from Disk diffusion method on <em>E. coli </em>isolates. A confirmation test (Combined Disk method) was performed on isolates of resistant to cephalosporin's indicators. Up to 70% isolates exhibited the Multi Drug Resistance phenotype. In Disk diffusion method, 128(64%) <em>E. coli </em>isolates which resistant to ceftazidime and cefotaxime while in Combined Disk, among 128 screened isolates, 115 (89.8%) isolates were detected as ESBLs producers. This survey indicate beta lactamase enzymes are playing a significant role in antibiotic resistance and correct detection of them in phenotypic test by using disk diffusion and combined Disk is essential for accurate recognition of ESBLs.

scholarly journals Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Escherichia coli in River Waters Collected from Two Cities in Ghana, 2018–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Regina Ama Banu ◽  
Jorge Matheu Alvarez ◽  
Anthony J. Reid ◽  
Wendemagegn Enbiale ◽  
Appiah-Korang Labi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
River Waters ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Animal Wastewater ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

Infections by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) are on the increase in Ghana, but the level of environmental contamination with this organism, which may contribute to growing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), is unknown. Using the WHO OneHealth Tricycle Protocol, we investigated the contamination of E. coli (Ec) and ESBL-Ec in two rivers in Ghana (Odaw in Accra and Okurudu in Kasoa) that receive effluents from human and animal wastewater hotspots over a 12-month period. Concentrations of Ec, ESBL-Ec and percent ESBL-Ec/Ec were determined per 100 mL sample. Of 96 samples, 94 (98%) were positive for ESBL-Ec. concentrations per 100 mL (MCs100) of ESBL-Ec and %ESBL-Ec from both rivers were 4.2 × 104 (IQR, 3.1 × 103–2.3 × 105) and 2.79 (IQR, 0.96–6.03), respectively. MCs100 were significantly lower in upstream waters: 1.8 × 104 (IQR, 9.0 × 103–3.9 × 104) as compared to downstream waters: 1.9 × 106 (IQR, 3.7 × 105–5.4 × 106). Both human and animal wastewater effluents contributed to the increased contamination downstream. This study revealed high levels of ESBL-Ec in rivers flowing through two cities in Ghana. There is a need to manage the sources of contamination as they may contribute to the acquisition and spread of ESBL-Ec in humans and animals, thereby contributing to AMR.

scholarly journals Incidence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases in Community- and Hospital-Associated Intra-Abdominal Infections in Europe: Results of the 2008 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART)

2010 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 3043-3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Hawser ◽  
Samuel K. Bouchillon ◽  
Daryl J. Hoban ◽  
Robert E. Badal ◽  
Rafael Cantón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Abdominal Infections

ABSTRACT From 2002 to 2008, there was a significant increase in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive Escherichia coli isolates in European intra-abdominal infections, from 4.3% in 2002 to 11.8% in 2008 (P < 0.001), but not for ESBL-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (16.4% to 17.9% [P > 0.05]). Hospital-associated isolates were more common than community-associated isolates, at 14.0% versus 6.5%, respectively, for E. coli (P < 0.001) and 20.9% versus 5.3%, respectively, for K. pneumoniae (P < 0.01). Carbapenems were consistently the most active drugs tested.

Antimicrobial Resistance, Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Productivity, and Class 1 Integrons in Escherichia coli from Healthy Swine

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1442-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
KANJANA CHANGKAEW ◽  
APIRADEE INTARAPUK ◽  
FUANGFA UTRARACHKIJ ◽  
CHIE NAKAJIMA ◽  
ORASA SUTHIENKUL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Gene Cassettes ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Class 1

Administration of antimicrobials to food-producing animals increases the risk of higher antimicrobial resistance in the normal intestinal flora of these animals. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing strains and to characterize class 1 integrons in Escherichia coli in healthy swine in Thailand. All 122 of the tested isolates had drug-resistant phenotypes. High resistance was found to ampicillin (98.4% of isolates), chloramphenicol (95.9%), gentamicin (78.7%), streptomycin (77.9%), tetracycline (74.6%), and cefotaxime (72.1%). Fifty-four (44.3%) of the E. coli isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing strains. Among them, blaCTX-M (45 isolates) and blaTEM (41 isolates) were detected. Of the blaCTX-M-positive E. coli isolates, 37 carried the blaCTX-M-1 cluster, 12 carried the blaCTX-M-9 cluster, and 5 carried both clusters. Sequence analysis revealed blaTEM-1, blaTEM-135, and blaTEM-175 in 38, 2, and 1 isolate, respectively. Eighty-seven (71%) of the 122isolates carried class 1 integrons, and eight distinct drug-resistance gene cassettes with seven different integron profiles were identified in 43 of these isolates. Gene cassettes were associated with resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1, aadA2, aadA22, or aadA23), trimethoprim (dfrA5, dfrA12, or dfrA17), and lincosamide (linF). Genes encoding β-lactamases were not found in class 1 integrons. This study is the first to report ESBL-producing E. coli with a class 1 integron carrying the linF gene cassette in swine in Thailand. Our findings confirm that swine can be a reservoir of ESBL-producing E. coli harboring class 1 integrons, which may become a potential health risk if these integrons are transmitted to humans. Intensive analyses of animal, human, and environmental isolates are needed to control the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli strains.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis on Antimicrobial Resistance Trends and Prevalence of β-lactamases in Escherichia coli and ESKAPE Pathogens Isolated from Arabian Patients during 2000–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1626
Author(s):  
Mahfouz Nasser ◽  
Snehal Palwe ◽  
Ram Naresh Bhargava ◽  
Marc G. J. Feuilloley ◽  
Arun S. Kharat
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Eskape Pathogens

The production of diverse and extended spectrum β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and ESKAPE pathogens is a growing threat to clinicians and public health. We aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of evolving trends of antimicrobial resistance and β-lactamases among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acine to bacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) in the Arabian region. A systematic review was conducted in Medline PubMed on papers published between January 2000 and February 2020 on countries in the Arab region showing different antibiotic resistance among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens. A total of n = 119,144 clinical isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial resistance in 19 Arab countries. Among these clinical isolates, 74,039 belonged to E. coli and ESKAPE pathogen. Distribution of antibiotic resistance among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens indicated that E. coli (n = 32,038) was the predominant pathogen followed by K. pneumoniae (n = 17,128), P. aeruginosa (n = 11,074), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA, n = 4370), A. baumannii (n = 3485) and Enterobacter spp. (n = 1574). There were no reports demonstrating Enterococcus faecium producing β-lactamase. Analyses revealed 19 out of 22 countries reported occurrence of ESBL (Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase) producing E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens. The present study showed significantly increased resistance rates to various antimicrobial agents over the last 20 years; for instance, cephalosporin resistance increased from 37 to 89.5%, fluoroquinolones from 46.8 to 70.3%, aminoglycosides from 40.2 to 64.4%, mono-bactams from 30.6 to 73.6% and carbapenems from 30.5 to 64.4%. An average of 36.9% of the total isolates were reported to have ESBL phenotype during 2000 to 2020. Molecular analyses showed that among ESBLs and Class A and Class D β-lactamases, blaCTX-M and blaOXA have higher prevalence rates of 57% and 52.7%, respectively. Among Class B β-lactamases, few incidences of blaVIM 27.7% and blaNDM 26.3% were encountered in the Arab region. Conclusion: This review highlights a significant increase in resistance to various classes of antibiotics, including cephalosporins, β-lactam and β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, aminoglycosides and quinolones among E. coli and ESKAPE pathogens in the Arab region.

scholarly journals Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in Saudi Arabia: A review of antimicrobial resistance and molecular epidemiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-453
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Alqasim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli

Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is commonly associated with causing urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Over the past two decades, the antimicrobial resistance of ExPEC has increasingly been reported [1]. Given that Saudi Arabia annually hosts mass religious events, such as Hajj, this review investigated several aspects of antimicrobial resistance of ExPEC in this country including the current prevalence of resistance and molecular epidemiology of ExPEC isolates. Generally, the overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance of ExPEC in Saudi Arabia is on increase. The current emergence of colistin resistance in ExPEC represents a major challenge to public health. Local molecular epidemiological studies have shown the dominance of E. coli sequence type 131 (E. coli ST131) over other major ExPEC STs. This is an important observation given that this clone has been associated with high multidrug resistance and extended-spectrum β-lactamases carriage. To reduce the burden of this resistance in the future, it would be crucial to avoid uncontrolled use of antibiotics in either clinical settings or animal food industry. Keywords: Extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, Antimicrobial resistance, ST131, Saudi Arabia, Colistin resistance, Extended-spectrum β-lactamases

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Escherichia coli from Various Clinical Samples

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. IDRT.S13820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar Singh ◽  
Mohammad Rashid Ali ◽  
Yogesh Chander
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Background Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli has tremendously increased worldwide and it is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality associated with hospital-acquired infections. This could be attributed to association of multi drug resistance in ESBL producing isolates. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity profile of ESBL producing E. coli isolates from various clinical samples. Materials and Methods Clinical samples, which consist of pus, urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, sputum, swabs, and different body fluids, are included in the study. Samples were processed and identified as per routine laboratory protocol. ESBL screening and confirmation along with antimicrobial susceptibility test was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results Out of 180 third generation cephalosporins resistant E. coli, 100 (55.55%) isolates were ESBL producers showing a greater degree of resistance to antibiotics. Conclusion The prevalence of ESBL is increasing day by day in nearly every center of different countries and necessary steps to prevent the spread and emergence of resistance should be taken.

scholarly journals Evolutionary History of the Global Emergence of the Escherichia coli Epidemic Clone ST131

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Stoesser ◽  
Anna E. Sheppard ◽  
Louise Pankhurst ◽  
Nicola De Maio ◽  
Catrin E. Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Mobile Genetic Elements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) has emerged globally as the most predominant extraintestinal pathogenic lineage within this clinically important species, and its association with fluoroquinolone and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance impacts significantly on treatment. The evolutionary histories of this lineage, and of important antimicrobial resistance elements within it, remain unclearly defined. This study of the largest worldwide collection ( n = 215) of sequenced ST131 E. coli isolates to date demonstrates that the clonal expansion of two previously recognized antimicrobial-resistant clades, C1/ H 30R and C2/ H 30Rx, started around 25 years ago, consistent with the widespread introduction of fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum cephalosporins in clinical medicine. These two clades appear to have emerged in the United States, with the expansion of the C2/ H 30Rx clade driven by the acquisition of a bla CTX-M-15 -containing IncFII-like plasmid that has subsequently undergone extensive rearrangement. Several other evolutionary processes influencing the trajectory of this drug-resistant lineage are described, including sporadic acquisitions of CTX-M resistance plasmids and chromosomal integration of bla CTX-M within subclusters followed by vertical evolution. These processes are also occurring for another family of CTX-M gene variants more recently observed among ST131, the bla CTX-M-14/14-like group. The complexity of the evolutionary history of ST131 has important implications for antimicrobial resistance surveillance, epidemiological analysis, and control of emerging clinical lineages of E. coli . These data also highlight the global imperative to reduce specific antibiotic selection pressures and demonstrate the important and varied roles played by plasmids and other mobile genetic elements in the perpetuation of antimicrobial resistance within lineages. IMPORTANCE Escherichia coli , perennially a major bacterial pathogen, is becoming increasingly difficult to manage due to emerging resistance to all preferred antimicrobials. Resistance is concentrated within specific E. coli lineages, such as sequence type 131 (ST131). Clarification of the genetic basis for clonally associated resistance is key to devising intervention strategies. We used high-resolution genomic analysis of a large global collection of ST131 isolates to define the evolutionary history of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in ST131. We documented diverse contributory genetic processes, including stable chromosomal integrations of resistance genes, persistence and evolution of mobile resistance elements within sublineages, and sporadic acquisition of different resistance elements. Both global distribution and regional segregation were evident. The diversity of resistance element acquisition and propagation within ST131 indicates a need for control and surveillance strategies that target both bacterial strains and mobile genetic elements.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and metallo-beta-lactamase producing among commensal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy children of Khuzestan and Fars provinces; Iran 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Mahmoodi ◽  
Seyedeh Elham Rezatofighi ◽  
Mohammad Reza Akhoond
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plasmid Profiling

Abstract Background: The emergence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-producing isolates is alarming since they carry mobile genetic elements with great ability to spread; therefore, early detection of these isolates, particularly their reservoir, is crucial to prevent their inter- and intra-care setting dissemination and establish suitable antimicrobial therapies. The current study was designed to evaluate the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), MBL producers and identification of MBL resistance genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from fecal samples of the healthy children under three years old. A total of 412 fecal E. coli isolates were collected from October 2017 to December 2018. The study population included healthy infants and children aged <3 years who did not exhibit symptoms of any diseases, especially gastrointestinal diseases. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR. E. coli isolates were assessed to determine the pattern of AMR, the production of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and MBL by phenotypic methods. Carbapenem-resistant isolates were investigated for the presence of MBL and carbapenemase genes, plasmid profiling, and the ability of conjugation.Results: In sum, AMR, multi-drug resistance (MDR) and ESBL production were observed in more than 54.9%, 36.2% and 11.7% of commensal E. coli isolates, respectively. Out of six isolates resistant to imipenem and meropenem, four isolates were phenotypically detected as MBL producers. Two and one E. coli strains carried the blaNDM-1 and blaVIM-2 genes, respectively and were able to transmit imipenem resistance through conjugation. Conclusion: Our findings showed that children not exposed to antibiotics can be colonized by E. coli isolates resistant to the commonly used antimicrobial compounds and can be a good indicator for the occurrence and prevalence of AMR in the community. These bacteria can act as a potential reservoir of AMR genes including MBL genes of pathogenic bacteria and lead to the dissemination of resistance mechanisms to other bacteria.

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