scholarly journals Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Isoscapes of Reef Corals and Algal Symbionts: Relative Influences of Environmental Gradients and Heterotrophy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1221
Author(s):  
Takanori Fujii ◽  
Yasuaki Tanaka ◽  
Koh Maki ◽  
Nobue Saotome ◽  
Naoko Morimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Coral Health ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c

The elemental (C/N) and stable isotopic (δ13C, δ15N) compositions and compound-specific δ15N values of amino acids (δ15NAA) were evaluated for coral holobionts as diagnostic tools to detect spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity and its effects on coral health. Hermatypic coral samples of eight species were collected at 12 reef sites with differing levels of pollution stress. The C/N ratios, δ13C values, and δ15N values of coral tissues and endosymbiotic algae were determined for 193 coral holobionts, and the amino acid composition and δ15NAA values of selected samples were analyzed. δ15N values were influenced most by pollution stress, while C/N ratios and δ13C values depended most strongly on species. The results imply that δ13C and δ15N values are useful indicators for distinguishing the ecological niches of sympatric coral species based on microhabitat preference and resource selectivity. Using δ15NAA values, the trophic level (TL) of the examined coral samples was estimated to be 0.71 to 1.53, i.e., purely autotrophic to partially heterotrophic. Significant portions of the variation in bulk δ15N and δ13C values could be explained by the influence of heterotrophy. The TL of symbionts covaried with that of their hosts, implying that amino acids acquired through host heterotrophy are translocated to symbionts. Dependence on heterotrophy was stronger at polluted sites, indicating that the ecological role of corals changes in response to eutrophication.

scholarly journals Tracing the Trophic Plasticity of the Coral–Dinoflagellate Symbiosis Using Amino Acid Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Christine Ferrier-Pagès ◽  
Stephane Martinez ◽  
Renaud Grover ◽  
Jonathan Cybulski ◽  
Eli Shemesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathways ◽  
Trophic Plasticity ◽  
Trophic Index ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c ◽  
Acid Compound

The association between corals and photosynthetic dinoflagellates is one of the most well-known nutritional symbioses, but nowadays it is threatened by global changes. Nutritional exchanges are critical to understanding the performance of this symbiosis under stress conditions. Here, compound-specific δ15N and δ13C values of amino acids (δ15NAA and δ13CAA) were assessed in autotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic holobionts as diagnostic tools to follow nutritional interactions between the partners. Contrary to what was expected, heterotrophy was mainly traced through the δ15N of the symbiont’s amino acids (AAs), suggesting that symbionts directly profit from host heterotrophy. The trophic index (TP) ranged from 1.1 to 2.3 from autotrophic to heterotrophic symbionts. In addition, changes in TP across conditions were more significant in the symbionts than in the host. The similar δ13C-AAs signatures of host and symbionts further suggests that symbiont-derived photosynthates are the main source of carbon for AAs synthesis. Symbionts, therefore, appear to be a key component in the AAs biosynthetic pathways, and might, via this obligatory function, play an essential role in the capacity of corals to withstand environmental stress. These novel findings highlight important aspects of the nutritional exchanges in the coral–dinoflagellates symbiosis. In addition, they feature δ15NAA as a useful tool for studies regarding the nutritional exchanges within the coral–symbiodiniaceae symbiosis.

Compound-Specific δ15N and δ13C Analyses of Amino Acids for Potential Discrimination between Organically and Conventionally Grown Wheat

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (25) ◽  
pp. 5841-5850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Paolini ◽  
Luca Ziller ◽  
Kristian Holst Laursen ◽  
Søren Husted ◽  
Federica Camin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c

scholarly journals Stable isotopes suggest the location of marine feeding grounds of South European Atlantic salmon in Greenland

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Almodóvar ◽  
Graciela G Nicola ◽  
Daniel Ayllón ◽  
Clive N Trueman ◽  
Ian Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
North Atlantic Current ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Historical data on the oceanic distribution and migration routes of southernmost Atlantic salmon Salmo salar populations from Europe are almost non-existent, as no rigorous tagging initiatives have been conducted. Here, we used stable isotope data (δ13C and δ15N) of historic scale collections to identify the potential marine feeding areas of the largest salmon population in the Iberian Peninsula. Data were compared with published datasets from Northern Ireland, Wales, south England, and northeast UK coast, which correspond to series between 15- and 33-year long within the time period from 1958 to 2009. Temporal covariation in sea surface temperature, primary productivity, and δ13C values suggests that feeding areas of Iberian salmon are located around Greenland, both in the Labrador and the Irminger seas. Furthermore, δ13C values of Atlantic salmon from Canadian rivers reported in the literature are similar to those found in individuals from Spanish rivers. Our results suggest that Iberian salmon follow a westerly migration route towards Greenland instead of following the easterly branch of the North Atlantic current into the Norwegian Sea. Characterization of feeding patterns and migration routes might help to understand the causes of ongoing population decline and establish targeted conservation programmes for threatened Iberian salmon.

scholarly journals Natural Isotope Abundances of Carbon and Nitrogen in Tissue Proteins and Amino Acids as Biomarkers of the Decreased Carbohydrate Oxidation and Increased Amino Acid Oxidation Induced by Caloric Restriction under a Maintained Protein Intake in Obese Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Huneau ◽  
Olivier L. Mantha ◽  
Dominique Hermier ◽  
Véronique Mathé ◽  
Guillaume Galmiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Obese Rats ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c

A growing body of evidence supports a role for tissue-to-diet 15N and 13C discrimination factors (Δ15N and Δ13C), as biomarkers of metabolic adaptations to nutritional stress, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In obese rats fed ad libitum or subjected to gradual caloric restriction (CR), under a maintained protein intake, we measured Δ15N and Δ13C levels in tissue proteins and their constitutive amino acids (AA) and the expression of enzymes involved in the AA metabolism. CR was found to lower protein mass in the intestine, liver, heart and, to a lesser extent, some skeletal muscles. This was accompanied by Δ15N increases in urine and the protein of the liver and plasma, but Δ15N decreases in the proteins of the heart and the skeletal muscles, alongside Δ13C decreases in all tissue proteins. In Lys, Δ15N levels rose in the plasma, intestine, and some muscles, but fell in the heart, while in Ala, and to a lesser extent Glx and Asx, Δ13C levels fell in all these tissues. In the liver, CR was associated with an increase in the expression of genes involved in AA oxidation. During CR, the parallel rises of Δ15N in urine, liver, and plasma proteins reflected an increased AA catabolism occurring at the level of the liver metabolic branch point, while Δ15N decreases in cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins indicated increased protein and AA catabolism in these tissues. Thus, an increased protein and AA catabolism results in opposite Δ15N effects in splanchnic and muscular tissues. In addition, the Δ13C decrease in all tissue proteins, reflects a reduction in carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation and routing towards non-indispensable AA, to achieve fuel economy.

scholarly journals Costs and benefits of maternally inherited algal symbionts in coral larvae

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1857) ◽  
pp. 20170852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie F. Chamberland ◽  
Kelly R. W. Latijnhouwers ◽  
Jef Huisman ◽  
Aaron C. Hartmann ◽  
Mark J. A. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Bet Hedging ◽  
Hedging Strategy ◽  
Coral Larvae ◽  
Stony Coral ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Settlement Success ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Endosymbiotic Algae

Many marine invertebrates provide their offspring with symbionts. Yet the consequences of maternally inherited symbionts on larval fitness remain largely unexplored. In the stony coral Favia fragum (Esper 1797), mothers produce larvae with highly variable amounts of endosymbiotic algae, and we examined the implications of this variation in symbiont density on the performance of F. fragum larvae under different environmental scenarios. High symbiont densities prolonged the period that larvae actively swam and searched for suitable settlement habitats. Thermal stress reduced survival and settlement success in F. fragum larvae, whereby larvae with high symbiont densities suffered more from non-lethal stress and were five times more likely to die compared with larvae with low symbiont densities. These results show that maternally inherited algal symbionts can be either beneficial or harmful to coral larvae depending on the environmental conditions at hand, and suggest that F. fragum mothers use a bet-hedging strategy to minimize risks associated with spatio-temporal variability in their offspring's environment.

Differentiation of Pigment in Eggs Using Carbon (13C/12C) and Nitrogen (15N/14N) Stable Isotopes

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1032-1037
Author(s):  
Feng M Sun ◽  
Guang Y Shi ◽  
Hui W Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratio ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Carbon Stable Isotope ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Δ13c Values ◽  
Isotope Ratio Analysis ◽  
Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis ◽  
Yellow Pigments

Abstract Consumers prefer natural and healthy food, but artificial pigments are often abused in egg products. The study aimed at differentiating the origin of pigments in eggs by applying the technique of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotope analysis. Five hundred sixty laying hens were randomly distributed into 14 treatments, which were divided into four groups: maize, carophyll red pigment, carophyll yellow pigment, and a mixture of carophyll red and yellow pigments. Eggs were collected and pretreated to determe the values of the Roche Yolk Color Fan (RCF), δ13C, and δ15N. With increasing maize content, the RCF and δ13C values of yolks increased. Moreover, the RCF values in the three pigment groups were significantly influenced by the artificial colors, but δ13C values were not significantly different, regardless of the existence of pigment. The δ15N values in all treatments did not vary as regularly as the carbon stable isotope. A strong positive correlation was found between RCF and δ13C in the maize group, but no such correlation was be observed in the pigment groups. It is concluded that carbon stable isotope ratio analysis (δ13C) of the yolk can be used to differentiate the origin of the pigment added to eggs.

scholarly journals Variation of soil organic carbon, stable isotopes, and soil quality indicators across an erosion–deposition catena in a historical Spanish olive orchard

SOIL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-194
Author(s):  
José A. Gómez ◽  
Gema Guzmán ◽  
Arsenio Toloza ◽  
Christian Resch ◽  
Roberto García-Ruíz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Δ13c And Δ15n ◽  
Olive Orchard ◽  
Erosion Area ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Δ15n And Δ13c

Abstract. This study compares the distribution of bulk soil organic carbon (SOC), its fractions (unprotected and physically, chemically, and biochemically protected), available phosphorus (Pavail), organic nitrogen (Norg), and stable isotope (δ15N and δ13C) signatures at four soil depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm) between a nearby open forest reference area and a historical olive orchard (established in 1856) located in southern Spain. In addition, these soil properties, as well as water stable aggregates (Wsagg), were contrasted at eroding and deposition areas within the olive orchard, previously determined using 137Cs. SOC stock in the olive orchard (about 40 t C ha−1) was only 25 % of that in the forested area (about 160 t C ha−1) in the upper 40 cm of soil, and the reduction was especially severe in the unprotected organic carbon. The reference and the orchard soils also showed significant differences in the δ13C and δ15N signals, likely due to the different vegetation composition and N dynamics in both areas. Soil properties along a catena, from erosion to deposition areas within the old olive orchard, showed large differences. Soil Corg, Pavail and Norg content, and δ15N at the deposition were significantly higher than those of the erosion area, defining two distinct areas with a different soil quality status. These overall results indicate that the proper understanding of Corg content and soil quality in olive orchards requires the consideration of the spatial variability induced by erosion–deposition processes for a convenient appraisal at the farm scale.

scholarly journals Differential Patterns of Microbiota Recovery in Symbiotic and Aposymbiotic Corals following Antibiotic Disturbance

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shavonna M. Bent ◽  
Carolyn A. Miller ◽  
Koty H. Sharp ◽  
Colleen M. Hansel ◽  
Amy Apprill
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Coral Mucus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Coral Microbiome ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Astrangia Poculata ◽  
Coral Health

ABSTRACT Microbial relationships are critical to coral health, and changes in microbiomes are often exhibited following environmental disturbance. However, the dynamics of coral-microbial composition and external factors that govern coral microbiome assembly and response to disturbance remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigated how antibiotic-induced disturbance affects the coral mucus microbiota in the facultatively symbiotic temperate coral Astrangia poculata, which occurs naturally with high (symbiotic) or low (aposymbiotic) densities of the endosymbiotic dinoflagellate Breviolum psygmophilum. We also explored how differences in the mucus microbiome of natural and disturbed A. poculata colonies affected levels of extracellular superoxide, a reactive oxygen species thought to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on coral health. Using a bacterial and archaeal small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequencing approach, we found that antibiotic exposure significantly altered the composition of the mucus microbiota but that it did not influence superoxide levels, suggesting that superoxide production in A. poculata is not influenced by the mucus microbiota. In antibiotic-treated A. poculata exposed to ambient seawater, mucus microbiota recovered to its initial state within 2 weeks following exposure, and six bacterial taxa played a prominent role in this reassembly. Microbial composition among symbiotic colonies was more similar throughout the 2-week recovery period than that among aposymbiotic colonies, whose microbiota exhibited significantly more interindividual variability after antibiotic treatment and during recovery. This work suggests that the A. poculata mucus microbiome can rapidly reestablish itself and that the presence of B. psygmophilum, perhaps by supplying nutrients, photosynthate, or other signaling molecules, exerts influence on this process. IMPORTANCE Corals are animals whose health is often maintained by symbiotic microalgae and other microorganisms, yet they are highly susceptible to environmental-related disturbances. Here, we used a known disruptor, antibiotics, to understand how the coral mucus microbial community reassembles itself following disturbance. We show that the Astrangia poculata microbiome can recover from this disturbance and that individuals with algal symbionts reestablish their microbiomes in a more consistent manner compared to corals lacking symbionts. This work is important because it suggests that this coral may be able to recover its mucus microbiome following disturbance, it identifies specific microbes that may be important to reassembly, and it demonstrates that algal symbionts may play a previously undocumented role in microbial recovery and resilience to environmental change.

scholarly journals Reactivity of Sera from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Sjögren’s Syndrome Patients with Peptides Derived from Human Immunodeficiency Virus p24 Capsid Antigen

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane E. Deas ◽  
Leonita G. Liu ◽  
James J. Thompson ◽  
David M. Sander ◽  
Sara S. Soble ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated that about one-third of patients with either Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) react to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 core protein antigen without any evidence of exposure to, or infection with, HIV itself. Herein, we further characterize the specificity of this reaction using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to peptides representing fragments of p24. Characteristic epitope-specific profiles were seen for SS and SLE patients. SS patients had significantly increased responses to peptides F (p24 amino acids 69 to 86) and H (amino acids 101 to 111) and diminished reactivity to peptides A (amino acids 1 to 16) and P (amino acids 214 to 228). SLE patients had increased reactivity to peptides E (amino acids 61 to 76), H, and P. Utilization of peptide P hyporeactivity as the criterion to select for SS patients results in a screen that is moderately sensitive (64%) and specific (79.3%). Adding hyperreactivity to one other peptide (F or H) as an additional criterion yields an expected decrease in sensitivity (to 41%) while increasing specificity (to 93.1%). All sera-reactive peptides from regions of known structure of HIV p24 were located in the apex of the p24 molecule. Thus, the specificity of the peptide reactivities described here indicates a specific pattern of a nonrandom cross-reactivity between HIV type 1 p24 and autoimmune sera which may be partially syndrome specific. The future focus of our work will be to optimize assays of the peptide as diagnostic tools.

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