scholarly journals Novel Microdialysis Technique Reveals a Dramatic Shift in Metabolite Secretion during the Early Stages of the Interaction between the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus microcarpus and Its Host Eucalyptus grandis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1817
Author(s):  
Krista L. Plett ◽  
Scott Buckley ◽  
Jonathan M. Plett ◽  
Ian C. Anderson ◽  
Judith Lundberg-Felten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Dramatic Shift

The colonisation of tree roots by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is the result of numerous signalling exchanges between organisms, many of which occur before physical contact. However, information is lacking about these exchanges and the compounds that are secreted by each organism before contact. This is in part due to a lack of low disturbance sampling methods with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to capture these exchanges. Using a novel in situ microdialysis approach, we sampled metabolites released from Eucalyptus grandis and Pisolithus microcarpus independently and during indirect contact over a 48-h time-course using UPLC-MS. A total of 560 and 1530 molecular features (MFs; ESI- and ESI+ respectively) were identified with significant differential abundance from control treatments. We observed that indirect contact between organisms altered the secretion of MFs to produce a distinct metabolomic profile compared to either organism independently. Many of these MFs were produced within the first hour of contact and included several phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and organic acids. These findings show that the secreted metabolome, particularly of the ECM fungus, can rapidly shift during the early stages of pre-symbiotic contact and highlight the importance of observing these early interactions in greater detail. We present microdialysis as a useful tool for examining plant–fungal signalling with high temporal resolution and with minimal experimental disturbance.

scholarly journals Revealing the time course of laser evoked potential habituation by high temporal resolution analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kersebaum ◽  
S.‐C. Fabig ◽  
M. Sendel ◽  
A. C. Muntean ◽  
R. Baron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Resolution Analysis

Upregulation of PKC genes and isozymes in cardiovascular tissues during early stages of experimental diabetes

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingzhang Guo ◽  
Mack H. Wu ◽  
Ferenc Korompai ◽  
Sarah Y. Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Expression ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Experimental Diabetes ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Protein Expression Profiles

The protein kinase C (PKC) pathway has recently been recognized as an important mechanism in the development of diabetic complications including cardiomyopathy and angiopathy. Although an increase in PKC kinase activity has been detected in the cardiovascular system of diabetic patients and animals, it is unclear whether the same pathological condition alters PKC at the transcriptional and translational levels. In this study we assessed quantitatively the mRNA and protein expression profiles of PKC isozymes in the heart and vascular tissues from streptozotocin-induced diabetic pigs. Partial regions of the porcine PKCα, β1, and β2 mRNAs were sequenced, and real-time RT-PCR assays were developed for PKC mRNA quantification. The results showed a significant increase in the mRNA levels of PKCα, β1, and β2 in the heart at 4–8 wk of diabetes. In concomitance, the PKCβ1 and β2 genes, but not the PKCα gene, were upregulated in the diabetic aorta. Correspondingly, there was a significant increase in the protein expression of PKCα and β2 in the heart and PKCβ2 in the aorta with a time course correlated to that of mRNA expression. In summary, PKCβ2 was significantly upregulated in the heart and aorta at both the transcriptional and translational levels during early stages of experimental diabetes, suggesting that PKCβ2 may be a prominent target of diabetic injury in the cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals Time course of changes in the long-latency feedback response parallels the fast process of short-term motor adaptation

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Coltman ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Feedback Controller ◽  
Fast Process ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Long Latency ◽  
Stages Of Learning ◽  
Stretch Response

We investigated whether changes in the feedback stretch response were related to the proposed fast and slow processes of motor adaptation. We found that the long-latency component of the feedback stretch response was upregulated in the early stages of learning and the time course was correlated with the fast process. While some propose that the fast process reflects an explicit strategy, we argue instead that it may be a proxy for the feedback controller.

Dual Sympathetic Input into Developing Salivary Glands

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H.N. Teshima ◽  
A.S. Tucker ◽  
S.V. Lourenço
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Branching Morphogenesis ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Explant Culture ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Gland Development

Neuronal signaling is known to be required for salivary gland development, with parasympathetic nerves interacting with the surrounding tissues from early stages to maintain a progenitor cell population and control morphogenesis. In contrast, postganglionic sympathetic nerves arrive late in salivary gland development to perform a secretory function; however, no previous report has shown their role during development. Here, we show that a subset of neuronal cells within the parasympathetic submandibular ganglion (PSG) express the catecholaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in developing murine and human submandibular glands. This sympathetic phenotype coincided with the expression of transcription factor Hand2 within the PSG from the bud stage (E12.5) of mouse embryonic salivary gland development. Hand2 was previously associated with the decision of neural crest cells to become sympathetic in other systems, suggesting a role in controlling neuronal fate in the salivary gland. The PSG therefore provides a population of TH-expressing neurons prior to the arrival of the postganglionic sympathetic axons from the superior cervical ganglion at E15.5. In culture, in the absence of nerves from the superior cervical ganglion, these PSG-derived TH neurons were clearly evident forming a network around the gland. Chemical ablation of dopamine receptors in explant culture with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine at early stages of gland development resulted in specific loss of the TH-positive neurons from the PSG, and subsequent branching was inhibited. Taken altogether, these results highlight for the first time the detailed developmental time course of TH-expressing neurons during murine salivary gland development and suggest a role for these neurons in branching morphogenesis.

Defense responses of Hevea brasiliensis to elicitors from root rot fungi

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1819-1824 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nicole ◽  
A. Toppan ◽  
J. P. Geiger ◽  
D. Roby ◽  
D. Nandris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Cell Hyperplasia ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Elicitor Treatment

Elicitation of root defense responses of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) to Rigidoporus lignosus has been performed by injection of fungal cell wall extracts into the root system of 1-month-old seedlings. A time course study showed that tissue lignification is induced at 3, 8, 15, and 45 days after elicitor treatment, as observed under a light microscope. The ethanolsoluble elicitor fractions stimulated cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activity, involved in lignin synthesis, as well as callose deposits 15 days and 30 days after elicitor treatment. A differential phellogen activity was observed 15 days after injection of roots with fungal extracts not treated with pronase. Stimulation of chitinase activity in leaves, cell hyperplasia, and suberization of root cell walls did not succeed. These data show that some defense mechanisms of tree roots can be triggered by elicitors from root-rotting fungi and result in the stengthening of structural barriers in host tissues. Key words: root rot diseases, elicitation, lignification, cambium stimulation, callose.

scholarly journals Concordant Changes of Plasma and Kidney MicroRNA in the Early Stages of Acute Kidney Injury: Time Course in a Mouse Model of Bilateral Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e93297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Bellinger ◽  
James S. Bean ◽  
Melissa A. Rader ◽  
Kathleen M. Heinz-Taheny ◽  
Jairo S. Nunes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Renal Ischemia ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Antiviral Activity of Chrysin against Influenza Virus Replication via Inhibition of Autophagy

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1350
Author(s):  
Seong-Ryeol Kim ◽  
Myeong-Seon Jeong ◽  
Seo-Hyeon Mun ◽  
Jaewon Cho ◽  
Min-Duk Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Infected Cells

Influenza viruses cause respiratory infections in humans and animals, which have high morbidity and mortality rates. Although several drugs that inhibit viral neuraminidase are used to treat influenza infections, the emergence of resistant viruses necessitates the urgent development of new antiviral drugs. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid that exhibits antiviral activity against enterovirus 71 (EV71) by inhibiting viral 3C protease activity. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of chrysin against influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8). Chrysin significantly inhibited A/PR/8-mediated cell death and the replication of A/PR/8 at concentrations up to 2 mM. Viral hemagglutinin expression was also markedly decreased by the chrysin treatment in A/PR/8-infected cells. Through the time course experiment and time-of-addition assay, we found that chrysin inhibited viral infection at the early stages of the replication cycle. Additionally, the nucleoprotein expression of A/PR/8 in A549 cells was reduced upon treatment with chrysin. Regarding the mechanism of action, we found that chrysin inhibited autophagy activation by increasing the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We also confirmed a decrease in LC3B expression and LC3-positive puncta levels in A/PR/8-infected cells. These results suggest that chrysin exhibits antiviral activity by activating mTOR and inhibiting autophagy to inhibit the replication of A/PR/8 in the early stages of infection.

“Some Things Just Won’t Go Back”

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-78
Author(s):  
Alanna Goldstein ◽  
Sarah Flicker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Dating Relationships ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Online Focus Groups ◽  
Relationship Experiences

We conducted three online focus groups [n=25] with teen girls in Canada in May and June 2020 to explore their dating and relationship experiences during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the strict public health measures limiting physical contact, participants reported connecting primarily online with possible dating partners and others. While facilitating platforms, like Snapchat, were already part of these teen girls’ dating and relationships repertoire, many participants reflected on the limitations and drawbacks of being able to connect only virtually. Results suggest the need to better attend to the impacts that COVID-19 restrictions are having on teen girls’ dating relationships, as well as to the larger impacts that the deterioration of these relationships might be having on their mental and emotional health.

A New Model of Electrically Evoked Pain and Hyperalgesia in Human Skin

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Koppert ◽  
Sara K. Dern ◽  
Reinhard Sittl ◽  
Sven Albrecht ◽  
Jürgen Schüttler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
High Current Density ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Numeric Rating Scale ◽  
Human Model ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
New Model ◽  
Analgesic Effects

Background The authors used the analgesics alfentanil, S(+)-ketamine, and systemic lidocaine to examine a new human model of experimental pain and hyperalgesia. Methods Transcutaneous electrical stimulation at a high current density (5 Hz, 67.5+/-6.6 mA) was used to provoke acute pain (numeric rating scale, 5 of 10), stable areas of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia to pin prick (43.6+/-32.1 cm2), and light touch (27.5+/-16.2 cm2) for 2 h. Alfentanil, S(+)-ketamine, and lidocaine were applied for 20 min in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design in 12 subjects using target controlled infusions. Results In the placebo session, pain ratings and areas of hyperalgesia were stable during the stimulation period, which facilitated the assessment of analgesic effects. Alfentanil effectively inhibited electrically evoked pain and reduced pin prick hyperalgesia and allodynia during its infusion. S(+)-ketamine-induced inhibition of secondary hyperalgesia was more pronounced and lasted for the whole experimental protocol. Therapeutic levels of systemic lidocaine showed only marginal analgesic effects, but lasting antihyperalgesic effects. Conclusions A new model of electrically induced pain and hyperalgesia was established, which enabled assessment of the time course of analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects with high temporal resolution and minimum tissue damage and which was further validated by use of common intravenous anesthetics.

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