scholarly journals Transovarial Transmission of Borrelia hermsii by Its Tick Vector and Reservoir Host Ornithodoros hermsi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1978
Author(s):  
Tom G. Schwan ◽  
Sandra J. Raffel
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Transovarial Transmission ◽  
Borrelia Hermsii ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Vertical Inheritance ◽  
The North ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon ◽  
Ornithodoros Hermsi

Transovarial passage of relapsing fever spirochetes (Borrelia species) by infected female argasid ticks to their progeny is a widespread phenomenon. Yet this form of vertical inheritance has been considered rare for the North American tick Ornithodoros hermsi infected with Borrelia hermsii. A laboratory colony of O. hermsi was established from a single infected female and two infected males that produced a population of ticks with a high prevalence of transovarial transmission based on infection assays of single and pooled ticks feeding on mice and immunofluorescence microscopy of eggs and larvae. Thirty-eight of forty-five (84.4%) larval cohorts (groups of larvae originating from the same egg clutch) transmitted B. hermsii to mice over four and a half years, and one hundred and three single and one hundred and fifty-three pooled nymphal and adult ticks transmitted spirochetes during two hundred and fourteen of two hundred and fifty-six (83.6%) feedings on mice over seven and a half years. The perpetuation of B. hermsii for many years by infected ticks only (without acquisition of spirochetes from vertebrate hosts) demonstrates the reservoir competence of O. hermsi. B. hermsii produced the variable tick protein in eggs and unfed larvae infected by transovarial transmission, leading to speculation of the possible steps in the evolution of borreliae from a tick-borne symbiont to a tick-transmitted parasite of vertebrates.

scholarly journals Prevalence of falls in elderly in Brazil: a countrywide analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1819-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vinholes Siqueira ◽  
Luiz Augusto Facchini ◽  
Denise Silva da Silveira ◽  
Roberto Xavier Piccini ◽  
Elaine Tomasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
The North ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Falls In Elderly

We conducted a cross-sectional study of a sample of 6,616 elderly living in urban areas of 100 municipalities in 23 Brazilian states, who responded to questions on the occurrence of falls in the 12 months prior to the interview, and occurrence of fractures due to the falls. The prevalence of falls among the elderly was 27.6% (95%CI: 26.5-28.7). Among those reporting falls, 11% had suffered fractures as a result. Of the elderly, 36% had received guidance about the precautions necessary to prevent falls, and about 1% had required surgery. Falls were associated with female gender, older age, low socioeconomic status, obesity and sedentary lifestyles. The prevalence of falls differed significantly between the North and other regions of Brazil. The study shows a high prevalence of falls, and underlines the need for preventive strategies targeting modifiable risk factors.

Molecular Characterization, Virulence Determinants, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the North of Iran; a High Prevalence of ST239-SCCmec III/t037 Clone

Chemotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Hao Ying ◽  
Trias Mahmudiono ◽  
Tawfeeq Alghazali ◽  
Walid Kamal Abdelbasset ◽  
Parand Khadivar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The North ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
North Of Iran

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Emergence and prevalence of methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) have become a major universal health concern, limiting therapeutic options. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total number of 37 MRSA isolates, including 19 clinical isolates from hospitalized patients and 18 colonizing isolates from health care workers were identified from 3 hospitals, in Gorgan, North of Iran. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion method and E-test. The presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants were evaluated by PCR. The genotypical characterization was further analyzed using multi-locus sequence, <i>spa</i>, staphylococcal cassette chromosome, <i>mec</i> (SCC<i>mec)</i>, and <i>agr</i> typing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The frequency of MRSA among <i>S. aureus</i> isolates was 38.14% (37/97). The most frequent <i>S. aureus</i> resistant isolates were found to be obstinate against penicillin (98%) and gentamicin (82.5%). Additionally, the lowest resistance rates were found against daptomycin (0%), vancomycin (2.7%), and quinupristin-dalfopristin (5.4%). All MRSA isolates were susceptible to daptomycin with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)50/MIC90 of 0.25/0.5 μg/mL. One isolate belonging to sequence type 239 (ST239)-SCC<i>mec</i>III/t037 clone (MIC ≥16 μg/mL) was resistant to vancomycin. All but 1 isolate that shares ST22-SCC<i>mec</i> IV/t790 strain were positive for both <i>tsst</i> and <i>pvl</i> genes. The most predominant MRSA isolates (27%) were associated with ST239-SCC<i>mec</i> III/t037, and ST239-SCC<i>mec</i> III/t924 (16.2%) clones, subsequently. In our study, circulating MRSA strains were genetically diverse with a high prevalence of ST239-SCC<i>mec</i> III/t037 clone. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> These findings emphasize the need for future and continuous surveillance studies on MRSA to prevent the dissemination of existing multidrug resistance MRSA clones in an effective manner.

The Interaction between Physical Illness and Neurotic Morbidity in the Community

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Vazquez Barquero ◽  
P. E. Muñoz ◽  
V. Madoz Jaúregui
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
The North ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
North Of Spain

SummaryAs part of an epidemiological survey of a rural community in the North of Spain we analysed the interaction between physical illness and neurotic morbidity using a two-phase cross-sectional analysis of a representative sample of the population over 15 years old. There was a very high prevalence of neurosis in the somatically ill (males—15.6 per cent, females—33.1 per cent) and much physical pathology in the group of neurotics (males—42.4 per cent, females—39 per cent). The personal characteristics of the sample, as well as some sociological factors like rural-urban way of life, educational level and social class, appear to influence the relationship between both types of illness. The neurotic morbidity of the somatic group comprised depressive, anxiety and hypochondriac types.

Parasite contamination of liquid sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Schwartzbrod ◽  
S. Banas
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Helminth Eggs ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Nematode Eggs ◽  
Low Charge ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

This study was performed on sludge samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants located in the north west of France with capacities of 1,000-20,000 inhabitant equivalents. The types of treatment studied were activated sludge low charge with and without denitrification. Respectively, 110 samples of fresh sludge and 84 samples of discharged sludge for spreading were analysed. Globally 78.6% of samples contained helminth eggs belonging to the cestodes (6.1%) and nematodes (93.9%). Most of the nematode eggs detected were viable with 135 positive samples. The distribution, according to genera, indicated a high prevalence of Toxocara eggs (77.4%) followed by Capillaria (13.2%), Trichuris (8.1%) and Ascaris (1.3%). For viable nematode eggs, the concentrations detected ranged from &lt;1 to 28/4 gDM for fresh sludge and from &lt;1 to 9.6/4 gDM for discharged sludge.

High prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of Tropheryma whipplei in different populations from the North of Spain

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara García-Álvarez ◽  
Patricia Pérez-Matute ◽  
José Ramón Blanco ◽  
Valvanera Ibarra ◽  
José Antonio Oteo
Keyword(s):  
Tropheryma Whipplei ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
The North ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
North Of Spain

scholarly journals High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Native versus Migrant Mothers and Newborns in the North of Italy: A Call to Act with a Stronger Prevention Program

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e0129586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Cadario ◽  
Silvia Savastio ◽  
Corrado Magnani ◽  
Tiziana Cena ◽  
Veronica Pagliardini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
The North ◽  
High Prevalence

The Vacant Quarter Revisited: Late Mississippian Abandonment of the Lower Ohio Valley

2002 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Cobb ◽  
Brian M. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Ohio River ◽  
Ohio Valley ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Eastern Woodlands ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Mississippian Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Unique Event ◽  
Widespread Phenomenon

The idea that a substantial portion of the North American midcontinent centered on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers confluence was largely depopulated around A.D. 1450–1550—Stephen Williams's “Vacant Quarter” hypothesis—has been generally accepted by archaeologists. There has been, however, some disagreement over the timing and extent of the abandonment. Our long-term research along the Ohio River in southern Illinois's interior hill country has yielded a substantial corpus of late Mississippian period radiocarbon dates, indicating that depopulation of the lower Ohio Valley occurred at the early end of Williams's estimate. Furthermore, the abandonment was a widespread phenomenon that involved Mississippian groups living in remote settings, as well as along major drainages. Although causes for the Vacant Quarter are still debated, evidence from other regions indicates that regional abandonment by agricultural groups was not a unique event in the Eastern Woodlands.

Annual and spatial variability in endo- and ectoparasite infections of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758) larvae, post-larvae and juveniles

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Foojan Mehrdana ◽  
Qusay Bahlool ◽  
Alf Skovgaard ◽  
Jesper Kuhn ◽  
Per Kania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
The North ◽  
Infection Pressure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Atlantic Cod Larvae ◽  
The North Sea

AbstractA parasitological investigation was performed on a total of 5380 Atlantic cod larvae, post-larvae and small juveniles sampled from the North Sea during a period of five years. The copepod Caligus elongatus (Von Nordmann, 1832) and the nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) were found at a relatively high prevalence of infection (4.6% and 5.2%, respectively). The infection by both parasites showed annual and spatial variability. C. elongatus showed a higher prevalence in 1992 compared to the following years, whereas the prevalence of H. aduncum increased from 1992 to 2001.We observed a relation between parasite distribution and parameters such as latitude and water depth. Adult digeneans (Lecithaster gibbosus and Derogenes varicus) and larval cestodes were also found with lower infection rates. Since changes of infection levels coincided with increasing North Sea water temperature in the studied period, it is hypothesized that temperature may affect parasite population levels. However, it is likely that other environmental factors may contribute to the observed variations. Absence of infection intensities higher than one nematode per fish in small larvae and post-larvae suggests that host survival may be affected by a high infection pressure. The relatively high levels of infection in the younger stages of cod, and the annual/spatial variability of these infections should be considered in the understanding of the early life dynamics of the species.

scholarly journals Detection of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brontokusuman Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
DILA HENING WINDYARAINI ◽  
TITI MARSIFAH ◽  
YAHYA MUSTANGIN ◽  
SOENARWAN HERY POERWANTO
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Transovarial Transmission ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transmission Index ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Dengue Control ◽  
Transmission Factors

Abstract. Windyaraini DH, Marsifah T, Mustangin Y, Poerwanto SH. 2019. Detection of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes spp. (Diptera: Culicidae) from Brontokusuman Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2061-2067. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious vector-borne disease. It is caused by dengue virus infection through the vector of Aedes spp. Dengue virus can be transmitted transovarially from infected female mosquitoes to their eggs. The presence of transovarial transmission allows maintenance of serotypes of dengue virus in nature. Detection of transovarial transmissions can be used to predict disease outbreaks as an effort to control the dengue virus. Dengue control is generally carried out through control of dengue vectors (mosquitoes) with environmental management, the use of chemical agents (insecticides) and biological control. This study was conducted to determine the existence of transovarial (vertical) transmission, factors affecting it and the resistance status of Aedes spp. against cypermethrin insecticide (pyrethroid) in Brontokusuman Village, Mergangsan Sub-district of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted from September 2018 to February 2019 with larvae sampling in 100 houses. The adult Aedes spp. mosquitoes were used as the sample of immunohistochemical methods and bioassay to get the mosquito resistance status against cypermethrin. The transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes spp. from Brontokusuman Village was found in 3 of 100 samples of Aedes spp. mosquitoes, and the TTI value (Transovarial Transmission Index) was 3%. The transovarial transmission is influenced by the density of the infected vectors, the condition of their eggs and the number of dengue cases. The bioassay test results showed that the resistance status of Aedes spp. can be presumed resistance against cypermethrin insecticide. 

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