scholarly journals Tailor-Made Deep Eutectic Solvents for Simultaneous Extraction of Five Aromatic Acids from Ginkgo biloba Leaves

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Cao ◽  
Huimin Wang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Fuliang Cao ◽  
Geli Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Aromatic Acids ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pentanedioic Acid ◽  
First Time

Ginkgo biloba leaves have various health benefits due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as polyprenyl acetates, flavonoids, and terpene trilactones. However, there is little literature reported on the aromatic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaves. In this work, five aromatic acids including shikimic acid (SA), 6-hydroxykynurenic acid (6-HKA), protocatechuic acid (PA), gallic acid (GAA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) were simultaneously extracted from Ginkgo biloba leaves by employing the green deep eutectic solvents (DESs). A DES tailor-made from xylitol, glycolic acid and 1,5-pentanedioic acid at a molar ratio of 1:3:1 with 50% (w/w) water addition, named as NGG50, gave higher extraction yields for the five aromatic acids. Main factors affecting the extraction process were further optimized. The highest extraction yields of SA, GAA, 6-HKA, PA, and PHBA were 94.15 ± 0.96 mg/g, 332.69 ± 5.19 μg/g, 25.90 ± 0.61 μg/g, 429.89 ± 11.47 μg/g and 67.94 ± 0.37 μg/g, respectively. The NGG50-based extraction process developed here was a successful attempt of simultaneously extracting five aromatic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves for the first time, which could provide a new exploitation direction of Ginkgo biloba leaves.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Hidrofobik Deep Eutectic Solvents dalam Penyisihan Dimetoat, Klorpirifos, dan Profenofos pada Buah Tomat dan Sayur Brokoli

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Axel Try Iddo Daely ◽  
Renita Manurung
Keyword(s):  
Lauric Acid ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Organophosphate Insecticide ◽  
Pesticide Removal ◽  
New Generation

Organophosphate insecticide is a type of pesticide that is commonly used, where this pesticide can be toxic to environmental organisms even to humans. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is a new generation nonpolar solvent of ionic liquids because it has better physical properties and chemical properties so that it can be used in the extraction process. DES was synthesized at 50 oC for 15 minutes with a stirring speed of 300 rpm and a molar ratio of Dl-menthol: lauric acid varied from 1: 1, 2: 1, and 3: 1. Pesticide removal is done by mixing 5 ml of DES with 200 ml of aquadest and then Tomatoes and Broccoli vegetables are washed with the solution. DES characteristics are done by analyzing the shape and measuring the freezing point, density and viscosity of DES. The concentration of pesticide residues was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The highest elimination of pesticides obtained with DES hydrophobic which has a molar ratio of dl-menthol: lauric acid is 3: 1 where the highest elimination of pesticides in Tomatoe is 44.82% for Dimethoate pesticide, 84.1% for Chlorpyrifos pesticide, and 83.72% for Profenofos pesticide and Broccoli 35.19% for Dimetoat pesticide, 64.64% for Chlorpyrifos pesticide, and 55.28% for Profenofos pesticides.

scholarly journals Batch Stirred-Tank Green Extraction of Salvia fruticosa Mill. Polyphenols Using Newly Designed Citrate-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ultrasonication Pretreatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 4774
Author(s):  
Spyros Grigorakis ◽  
Abedalghani Halahlah ◽  
Dimitris P. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stirred Tank ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Salvia Fruticosa ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimal Settings

A series of citrate salts were tested as hydrogen bond acceptors to synthesize deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on lactic acid and glycerol, used as hydrogen bond donors. The DES produced were then screened to identify the highest performing system for the effective extraction of polyphenolic phytochemicals from the medicinal plant Salvia fruticosa Mill. (Greek sage). The most efficacious DES was the one composed of lactic acid and sodium citrate dibasic, at a molar ratio of 15:1 (LA-SCDB15). Furthermore, for the first time there has been evidence concerning DES pH and extraction efficiency. Using this solvent, a batch, stirred-tank extraction process was developed, by employing ultrasonication pretreatment and response surface methodology. The optimal settings determined were stirring speed 900 rpm, proportion of DES/water 77% (w/v), and ultrasonication pretreatment time 15 min. By adjusting these optimal settings, the predicted maximum total polyphenol yield was calculated to be 79.93 ± 1.92 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 dry mass. The examination of temperature effects demonstrated that the batch, stirred-tank extraction stage was very energy-efficient, with a barrier of 7.64 kJ mol−1. Comparison of the extraction of Salvia fruticosa polyphenols with other green processes previously developed, illustrated the high extraction capacity of LA-SCDB15. The major polyphenols identified in the extracts produced under optimized settings were chlorogenic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide and rosmarinic acid.

scholarly journals Purification of Curcuminoids from Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) Matrices Using Chromatography-Based Separation Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Orchidea Rachmaniah ◽  
Muhammad Rifqy Muhsin ◽  
Angga Widya Putra ◽  
Muhammad Rachimoellah
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Acid Water ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Spe Method

Curcuminoids can be successfully extracted from Curcuma zedoaria using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) as extraction solvents. However, a mixture of extracted curcuminoids, NADES, and impurities from C. zedoaria was obtained as a slurry at the end of the extraction process. Therefore, further separation and purification were required to obtain the extracted compound in high purity. Herein, two purification methods based on classical column chromatography (CCC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE), were evaluated for the purification of curcuminoids from NADES matrices after extraction. Choline chloride–malic acid–water (CCMA–H2O) and choline chloride–citric acid–water (CCCA–H2O) in the molar ratio of 1:1:18 were selected as NADES matrices due to their high solubility and stabilization capability for curcuminoids. Ethanol-conditioned silica gel (60–200 µm) was applied as the bed resin for CCC, and a C18 cartridge was used for SPE. Acetonitrile/0.1% acetic acid, water/0.1% acetic acid, and iso-propanol/0.1% acetic acid were used as mobile phases for CCC. For SPE, methanol/0.05% acetic acid and water/0.05% acetic acid were applied in the conditioning step, water/0.05% acetic acid in the washing step, and methanol/acetonitrile (1:1) in the eluting step. The SPE method produced higher recovery of curcuminoids from the CCCA–H2O and CCMA–H2O matrices (75.27% and 73.40%, respectively) compared to CCC (51.9% and 61.0%, respectively). After removing the NADES constituents from the crude extract of curcuminoids, recrystallization was attempted.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis of Six Effective Components in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch by Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) Combined with Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single Marker (QAMS) Method

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Ping Yu ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Yanmei Feng ◽  
Sinan Ma ◽  
Yuying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Ultrasonic Power ◽  
Effective Components ◽  
Single Marker

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are green organic solvents that have broad prospects in the extraction of effective components of traditional Chinese medicine. This work employed the quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) method to quantitatively determine the six effective components of glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis, which was used for comprehensive evaluation of the optimal extraction process by DESs. First, Choline Chloride: Lactic Acid (ChCl-LA, molar ratio 1:1) was selected as the most suitable DES by comparing the extraction yields of different DESs. Second, the extraction protocol was investigated by extraction time, extraction temperature, liquid-to-material ratio, molar ratio, and ultrasonic power. The Box–Behnken design (BBD) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the optimal DES conditions. The result showed that the best DES system was 1.3-butanediol/choline chloride (ChCl) with the molar ratio of 4:1. The optimal extraction process of licorice was 20 mL/g, the water content was 30%, and the extraction time was 41 min. The comprehensive impact factor (z) was 0.92. At the same time, it was found that the microstructure of the residue extracted by the eutectic solvent was more severely damaged than the residue after the traditional solvent extraction through observation under an electron microscope. The DES has the characteristics of high efficiency and rapidity as an extraction solution.

scholarly journals Efficient and Environmental-Friendly Dehydration of Fructose to 5-HMF in Ultrasound Assisted Ionic Liquids / Deep Eutectic Solvents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghua Ji ◽  
Xiaojie Yu ◽  
Abu El-Gasim A. Yagoub ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Cunshan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽  
Metal Chloride ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Ultrasonic Frequency ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Ultrasonic Time ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

Abstract 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is one of the most significant intermediate platforms for the production of both chemicals and liquid fuel derived from biomass. This study aimed to the assess the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted ionic liquids (ILs)/deep eutectic solvents (DES) in converting fructose to 5-HMF under milder conditions (≤ 100°C). The reaction conditions for the two-step transformation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) with metal chloride as a catalyst and ultrasonic-assisted DES were optimized. The results showed that under the best conditions for ultrasound-assisted ILs to convert fructose (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, 80°C, 1 h, [Bmim]Cl, D001-cc: 100 mg, fructose addition: 100 mg), the yield of 5-HMF reached 65.29 mol%. In addition, the D001-cc catalyst maintained high catalytic activity after being reused 6 times, and the activated D001-cc basically achieved the initial fructose conversion effect. Under the optimal conditions of ultrasonic-assisted DES fructose conversion (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, 100°C, 30 min, ChCl-OA (molar ratio: 1:2), water addition: 0.46 mL, DES addition: 1 g), the yield of 5-HMF reached 51.87 mol%. Under the best conditions of ultrasonic-assisted DES SCB conversion (ultrasonic frequency: 40 kHz, ultrasonic time: 1 h, DES: ChCl: OA, catalyst: SnCl4·5H2O, water addition: 0.46 mL, 130°C/4 h (150°C/0.5 h)), the yield of 5-HMF reached 47.43 mol%. The study initially showed that ultrasonic-assisted ILs/DES effectively converted fructose in one step. In addition, the synergy of DES and metal chloride can better convert lignocellulosic biomass. Simply stated, the ultrasound-assisted ILs/DES conversion of biomass has realized “physical driving chemistry”. Thus, paving the way of high-value utilization of lignocellulose to become greener and economical.

Cultural Factors Affecting the Negotiation of First Sexual Intercourse among Latina Adolescent Mothers

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela I. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
First Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Latina Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Adolescent Birth ◽  
First Time

In 1995, the Latina adolescent birth rate surpassed that of African Americans for the first time. This article investigates cultural and social factors affecting the initiation of sexual intercourse among Latina adolescent mothers in Los Angeles. The data are from life history interviews with forty young mothers and their partners conducted in 1994 to 1997. Results suggest that sexual intercourse is initiated within the context of the couple's developing relationship, and that the course of relationships is highly scripted. Men pressure for sex and women resist. Women should be ignorant about sex, but control access to intercourse. Sex is never discussed. Thus, it is unexpected, and contraception other than withdrawal is not used. This script places young Latinas at enormous risk for pregnancy and STDs.

scholarly journals Dispersal and colonization risk of the Walnut Twig Beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, in southern Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Marchioro ◽  
Massimo Faccoli
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Data ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Dispersal Capacity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geosmithia Morbida ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Pityophthorus Juglandis ◽  
Southwestern Usa ◽  
Walnut Twig Beetle ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe Walnut Twig Beetle (WTB), Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, is a small bark beetle native to Mexico and Southwestern USA recorded for the first time in Europe (NE Italy) in 2013. WTB attacks walnut (Juglans spp.) and wingnut trees (Pterocarya spp.) and is the vector of Geosmithia morbida Kolarík et al., a pathogen causing the thousand cankers disease (TCD). WTB and TCD represent a serious threat for walnut orchards in Europe. Spatiotemporal data of the WTB-TCD infestations recorded from an 8-year-long (2013–2020) monitoring conducted in 106 walnut orchards of NE Italy were used to develop a model in order to analyze: (i) the effective dispersal capacity of WTB, (ii) the factors affecting dispersal and (iii) the colonization risk of healthy walnut orchards. We registered a mean annual dispersal of 9.4 km, with peaks of about 40 km. Pest dispersal is affected by distance of suitable hosts from the nearest infested site, number of walnut orchards in the surroundings (both infested and healthy), orchard size and walnut species in the orchard. Using the model, it was also possible to calculate the colonization risk of a specific walnut orchard according to its characteristics showing, for instance, that a medium-size (5,000 trees) black walnut orchard located at 25 km from the nearest infested orchard has an infestation risk of about 50% of probability.

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