Contributions from Mexican Flora for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Molecules of Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob & Brettell

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is cited as a serious worldwide health problem that occupies second place in causes of annual mortality in Mexico. Among Mexican flora, nearly 300 plant species have been employed as hypoglycemic in popular use. Thus, their study entertains great relevance In this context, this work contributes a clear and timely review of the plant species utilized in Traditional Mexican Medicine and experimental biological models in which not only have the hypoglycemic properties of the extracts and the isolated compounds been considered, but also the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, taking into account an integral focus based on the complex mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of DM. Among the species reviewed, we highlight Psacalium decompositum (Asteraceae), due to the potent hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of the sesquiterpenes identified as majority compounds isolated from the root, such as cacalol and cacalone that also possess the capacity of increasing insulin levels. In this manner, the present manuscript attempts to contribute necessary information for the future study of bioactive molecules that are useful in the treatment of DM, as well as also being a contribution to the knowledge and diffusion of Mexican Traditional Medicine.

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Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11020323 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra ◽

Hui Min Koh ◽

Shin Yean Lim ◽

Hira Choudhury ◽

Manisha Pandey

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Complications ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Ppar Γ ◽

High Glucose Condition ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Carvacrol and Magnolol, in Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26226899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 6899

Author(s):

Georgiana Cicalău ◽

Petru Babes ◽

Horia Calniceanu ◽

Adelina Popa ◽

Gabriela Ciavoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

New Treatment ◽

Magnolia Officinalis

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are two pathologies that are extremely widespread worldwide and share the feature of chronic inflammation. Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid, produced by a variety of herbs, the most well-known of which is Origanum vulgare. Magnolol is a traditional polyphenolic compound isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, mainly used in Chinese medicine. The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic properties of these bioactive compounds, in the treatment of periodontitis and diabetes. Based on our search strategy we conducted a literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies. A total of one hundred eighty-four papers were included in the current review. The results show that carvacrol and magnolol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-osteoclastic, and anti-diabetic properties that benefit both pathologies. Knowledge of the multiple activities of carvacrol and magnolol can assist with the development of new treatment strategies, and the design of clinical animal and human trials will maximize the potential benefits of these extracts in subjects suffering from periodontitis or diabetes.

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Anti-Inflammation and Antimicrobial Constituents from the Roots and Their Production in Callus Cultures of Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407215666190219101450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 671-680

Author(s):

Bharat Singh ◽

Pooran M. Sahu ◽

Ram A. Sharma

Keyword(s):

Plant Species ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Inflammatory Activity ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Array Detector ◽

Valeriana Jatamansi ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Syn. V. wallichii DC.; Fam. – Valerianaceae) is a medicinal plant species, endemic to the Himalayan regions of India and rich in presence of iridoids. This plant species possessed antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: The shade-dried roots were powdered, percolated with 95% ethanol for 36 h at room temperature (3-times) and filtrate used for isolation of iridoids. The isolated compounds identified based on physical and spectral data analysis. For the enhancement of production of iridoids, the callus cultures established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) culture medium with variable concentrations of growth hormones. The isolated iridoids estimated by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLCSPD- M10A photodiode array detector) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The anti-inflammatory activity of iridoids assessed by using carrageenan and Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA-induced adjuvant) models in experimental rats. The total eight bacterial and five fungal strains used for determination of antimicrobial activity. The activity assessed by using microdilution method. Results: Total seven iridoids were isolated from ethyl acetate fraction and their production estimated in cell cultures. The maximum accumulation (69.39±0.45 mg/g) of jatamanvaltrate S was observed in 2, 4- D (4.0 mg/l) and kinetin (1.0 mg/l) supplemented MS culture medium. Maximum anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated by jatamanvaltrate R (46.8%) at the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight (bw) at 8 h after carrageenan injection. Similarly, the jatamanvaltrate R also displayed maximum inhibitory activity (49.9%) to CFA-induced adjuvant arthritis in rats on day 8. The strongest antibacterial activity was exhibited by jatamanvaltrate S (21 μg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus while maximum antifungal efficacy displayed by jatamanin B (30 μg/ml) against Penicillium chrysogenum. Conclusion: In this study, all the isolated iridoids found as bioactive molecules and exhibited promising anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

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Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22083816 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 3816

Author(s):

Aránzazu Bocanegra ◽

Adrián Macho-González ◽

Alba Garcimartín ◽

Juana Benedí ◽

Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Genetic Components ◽

Algal Extracts

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.

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Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Berberine in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2014/289264 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Zheng Li ◽

Ya-Na Geng ◽

Jian-Dong Jiang ◽

Wei-Jia Kong

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Related Factor ◽

Nuclear Factor ◽

Hydrastis Canadensis ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Mitogen Activated Protein ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Amp Activated Protein Kinase

Oxidative stress and inflammation are proved to be critical for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Berberine (BBR) is a natural compound isolated from plants such asCoptis chinensisandHydrastis canadensisand with multiple pharmacological activities. Recent studies showed that BBR had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which contributed in part to its efficacy against diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarized the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR as well as their molecular basis. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR were noted with changes in oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and proinflammatory cytokines after BBR administration in diabetic animals. BBR inhibited oxidative stress and inflammation in a variety of tissues including liver, adipose tissue, kidney and pancreas. Mechanisms of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR were complex, which involved multiple cellular kinases and signaling pathways, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Detailed mechanisms and pathways for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of BBR still need further investigation. Clarification of these issues could help to understand the pharmacology of BBR in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and promote the development of antidiabetic natural products.

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Role of Glycation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Prevention through Nymphaea Species

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/7240046 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Nayab Ishrat ◽

Hamda Khan ◽

Om P. S. Patel ◽

Abbas Ali Mahdi ◽

Farina Mujeeb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Advanced Glycation End Products ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Advanced Glycation ◽

Glycation End Products ◽

End Products ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The dysregulation of glucose metabolism that includes the modification of biomolecules with the help of glycation reaction results in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The formation of AGEs may activate receptors for advanced glycation end products which induce intracellular signaling, ultimately enhancing oxidative stress, a well-known contributor to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, AGEs are possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. This review article highlights the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties of the Nymphaea species, and the screening of such aquatic plants for antiglycation activity may provide a safer alternative to the adverse effects related to glucotoxicity. Since oxidation and glycation are relatively similar to each other, therefore, there is a possibility that the Nymphaea species may also have antiglycating properties because of its powerful antioxidant properties. Herbal products and their derivatives are the preeminent resources showing prominent medicinal properties for most of the chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. Among these, the Nymphaea species has also shown elevated activity in scavenging free radicals. This species has a load of phytochemical constituents which shows various therapeutic and nutritional value including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profiles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article highlighting the possibility of an antiglycation value of the Nymphaea species by inhibiting AGEs in mediation of type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hope that in the next few years, the clinical and therapeutic potential may be explored and highlight a better perspective on the Nymphaea species in the inhibition of AGEs and its associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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