Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.

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In vitro evidence for the involvement of H2S pathway in the effect of clodronate during inflammatory response

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94228-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rosangela Montanaro ◽

Alessio D’Addona ◽

Andrea Izzo ◽

Carlo Ruosi ◽

Vincenzo Brancaleone

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Markers ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Inos Expression ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Inflammatory Effect

AbstractClodronate is a bisphosphonate agent commonly used as anti-osteoporotic drug. Throughout its use, additional anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties have been reported, although the benefits described in the literature could not solely relate to their inhibition of bone resorption. Thus, the purpose of our in vitro study is to investigate whether there are underlying mechanisms explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of clodronate and possibly involving hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Immortalised fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (K4IM) were cultured and treated with clodronate in presence of TNF-α. Clodronate significantly modulated iNOS expression elicited by TNF-α. Inflammatory markers induced by TNF-α, including IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1 and RANTES, were also suppressed following administration of clodronate. Furthermore, the reduction in enzymatic biosynthesis of CSE-derived H2S, together with the reduction in CSE expression associated with TNF-α treatment, was reverted by clodronate, thus rescuing endogenous H2S pathway activity. Clodronate displays antinflammatory properties through the modulation of H2S pathway and cytokines levels, thus assuring the control of the inflammatory state. Although further investigation is needed to stress out how clodronate exerts its control on H2S pathway, here we showed for the first the involvement of H2S in the additive beneficial effects observed following clodronate therapy.

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Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Bioactive Proteins and Peptides

Role of Nutrition in Providing Pro-/Anti-Inflammatory Balance - Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3594-3.ch005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 106-141

Author(s):

Fatma Esra Güneş

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Peptides ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Specific Protein ◽

Food Proteins ◽

Protein Fragments ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

New Generation

Bioactive peptides (BP) are specific protein fragments that can affect biological processes or substrates that have a positive impact on functions and conditions on body health. Plant and animal sources that contain physiologically active food proteins, native or processed, are rich sources of bioactive peptides. Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins have been demostrated to have variety of beneficial effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. BP are accepted the new generation of biologically active regulators; they can prevent oxidation and microbial degradation in foods and furthermore improve quality of life by treating various diseases and disorders. The present review highlights the recent findings on the roles of various food-derived bioactive peptides in inflammation and oxidative stress and discuss the potential benefits and limitations of using these compounds against the burden of chronic diseases.

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Inflammatory Mechanisms Associated with Skeletal Muscle Sequelae after Stroke: Role of Physical Exercise

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2016/3957958 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hélio José Coelho Junior ◽

Bruno Bavaresco Gambassi ◽

Tiego Aparecido Diniz ◽

Isabela Maia da Cruz Fernandes ◽

Érico Chagas Caperuto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Muscle Atrophy ◽

Inflammatory Markers ◽

The Other ◽

Stroke Patients ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Inflammatory markers are increased systematically and locally (e.g., skeletal muscle) in stroke patients. Besides being associated with cardiovascular risk factors, proinflammatory cytokines seem to play a key role in muscle atrophy by regulating the pathways involved in this condition. As such, they may cause severe decrease in muscle strength and power, as well as impairment in cardiorespiratory fitness. On the other hand, physical exercise (PE) has been widely suggested as a powerful tool for treating stroke patients, since PE is able to regenerate, even if partially, physical and cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise in poststroke patients remain poorly understood. Thus, in this study we analyze the candidate mechanisms associated with muscle atrophy in stroke patients, as well as the modulatory effect of inflammation in this condition. Later, we suggest the two strongest anti-inflammatory candidate mechanisms, myokines and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, which may be activated by physical exercise and may contribute to a decrease in proinflammatory markers of poststroke patients.

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Ameliorative Effect of Saffron Aqueous Extract on Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia, and Oxidative Stress on Diabetic Encephalopathy in Streptozotocin Induced Experimental Diabetes Mellitus

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/920857 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Saeed Samarghandian ◽

Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad ◽

Fariborz Samini

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Serum Proteins ◽

Advanced Glycation Endproducts ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Diabetic Encephalopathy ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Ameliorative Effect ◽

Saffron Extract

Diabetic encephalopathy is one of the severe complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. Findings indicate that saffron extract has antioxidant properties but its underlying beneficial effects on diabetic encephalopathy were unclear. In the present study, the protective activities of saffron were evaluated in diabetic encephalopathy. Saffron at 40 and 80 mg/kg significantly increased body weight and serum TNF-αand decreased blood glucose levels, glycosylated serum proteins, and serum advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) levels. Furthermore, significant increase in HDL and decrease (P<0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL were observed after 28 days of treatment. At the end of experiments, the hippocampus tissue was used for determination of glutathione content (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. Furthermore, saffron significantly increased GSH, SOD, and CAT but remarkably decreased cognitive deficit, serum TNF-α, and induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in hippocampus tissue. Our findings indicated that saffron extract may reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk and also reduce the oxidative stress in diabetic encephalopathy rats. This study suggested that saffron extract might be a promising candidate for the improvement of chemically induced diabetes and its complications.

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Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Chronic Kidney Disease—Potential Therapeutic Role of Minerals, Vitamins and Plant-Derived Metabolites

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21010263 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 263 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Shara Francesca Rapa ◽

Biagio Raffaele Di Iorio ◽

Pietro Campiglia ◽

August Heidland ◽

Stefania Marzocco

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Small Sample ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Antioxidant Agents ◽

Antioxidative Agents ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

And Oxidative Stress

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a debilitating pathology with various causal factors, culminating in end stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. The progression of CKD is closely associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are responsible for the manifestation of numerous complications such as malnutrition, atherosclerosis, coronary artery calcification, heart failure, anemia and mineral and bone disorders, as well as enhanced cardiovascular mortality. In addition to conventional therapy with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative agents, growing evidence has indicated that certain minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites exhibit beneficial effects in these disturbances. In the current work, we review the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of various agents which could be of potential benefit in CKD/ESRD. However, the related studies were limited due to small sample sizes and short-term follow-up in many trials. Therefore, studies of several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents with long-term follow-ups are necessary.

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Natural Polyphenols in Metabolic Syndrome: Protective Mechanisms and Clinical Applications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22116110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (11) ◽

pp. 6110

Author(s):

Shiyao Zhang ◽

Mengyi Xu ◽

Wenxiang Zhang ◽

Chang Liu ◽

Siyu Chen

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Liver Fat ◽

Protective Mechanisms ◽

Fat Accumulation ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Natural Polyphenols ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Polyphenol Intake

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a chronic disease, including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension. It should be noted that the occurrence of MetS is closely related to oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, ectopic fat accumulation, and the impairment of the antioxidant system, which in turn further aggravates the intracellular oxidative imbalance and inflammatory response. As enriched anti-inflammatory and antioxidant components in plants, natural polyphenols exhibit beneficial effects, including improving liver fat accumulation and dyslipidemia, reducing blood pressure. Hence, they are expected to be useful in the prevention and management of MetS. At present, epidemiological studies indicate a negative correlation between polyphenol intake and MetS incidence. In this review, we summarized and discussed the most promising natural polyphenols (including flavonoid and non-flavonoid drugs) in the precaution and treatment of MetS, including their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as their regulatory functions involved in glycolipid homeostasis.

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Carvacrol and Magnolol, in Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26226899 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (22) ◽

pp. 6899

Author(s):

Georgiana Cicalău ◽

Petru Babes ◽

Horia Calniceanu ◽

Adelina Popa ◽

Gabriela Ciavoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

New Treatment ◽

Magnolia Officinalis

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus are two pathologies that are extremely widespread worldwide and share the feature of chronic inflammation. Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpenoid, produced by a variety of herbs, the most well-known of which is Origanum vulgare. Magnolol is a traditional polyphenolic compound isolated from the stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, mainly used in Chinese medicine. The purpose of this paper is to review the therapeutic properties of these bioactive compounds, in the treatment of periodontitis and diabetes. Based on our search strategy we conducted a literature search in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify studies. A total of one hundred eighty-four papers were included in the current review. The results show that carvacrol and magnolol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-osteoclastic, and anti-diabetic properties that benefit both pathologies. Knowledge of the multiple activities of carvacrol and magnolol can assist with the development of new treatment strategies, and the design of clinical animal and human trials will maximize the potential benefits of these extracts in subjects suffering from periodontitis or diabetes.

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Royal Jelly and Its Dual Role in TNBS Colitis in Mice

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2015/956235 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Luis Paulo Manzo ◽

Felipe Meira de-Faria ◽

Ricardo José Dunder ◽

Eduardo Augusto Rabelo-Socca ◽

Silvio Roberto Consonni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Royal Jelly ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Experimental Colitis ◽

Protein Quantification ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Mouse Intestine ◽

Tnbs Colitis ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Royal Jelly (RJ) is widely consumed in diets throughout the world due to its beneficial effects: antioxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory. We have investigated the role of RJ in the development of TNBS colitis in mice. Colitis was induced by a rectal instillation of TNBS at 0.1 mL per mouse. Intestine samples of the animals orally treated with RJ (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) were collected for antioxidant assays (GSH and GSH-Px), proinflammatory protein quantification (COX-2 and NF-κB), and histological analyses. RJ 100 mg/kg maintained GSH levels and increased the activity of GSH-Px, downregulated key inflammatory mediators (COX-2 and NF-κB), and decreased the lesions caused by TNBS as shown by the histological analyses. In conclusion, RJ showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in experimental colitis, resulting in the amelioration of the macroscopic and histological analyses. These results corroborate with the RJ supplementation in diets.

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Contributions from Mexican Flora for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Molecules of Psacalium decompositum (A. Gray) H. Rob & Brettell

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26102892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 2892

Author(s):

Manuel Jiménez-Estrada ◽

Maira Huerta-Reyes ◽

Rosario Tavera-Hernández ◽

J. Javier Alvarado-Sansininea ◽

Ana Berenice Alvarez

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Plant Species ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Timely Review ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes ◽

Great Relevance ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

And Diffusion ◽

Annual Mortality

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is cited as a serious worldwide health problem that occupies second place in causes of annual mortality in Mexico. Among Mexican flora, nearly 300 plant species have been employed as hypoglycemic in popular use. Thus, their study entertains great relevance In this context, this work contributes a clear and timely review of the plant species utilized in Traditional Mexican Medicine and experimental biological models in which not only have the hypoglycemic properties of the extracts and the isolated compounds been considered, but also the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, taking into account an integral focus based on the complex mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and physiopathology of DM. Among the species reviewed, we highlight Psacalium decompositum (Asteraceae), due to the potent hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of the sesquiterpenes identified as majority compounds isolated from the root, such as cacalol and cacalone that also possess the capacity of increasing insulin levels. In this manner, the present manuscript attempts to contribute necessary information for the future study of bioactive molecules that are useful in the treatment of DM, as well as also being a contribution to the knowledge and diffusion of Mexican Traditional Medicine.

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