scholarly journals Whole Alga, Algal Extracts, and Compounds as Ingredients of Functional Foods: Composition and Action Mechanism Relationships in the Prevention and Treatment of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3816
Author(s):  
Aránzazu Bocanegra ◽  
Adrián Macho-González ◽  
Alba Garcimartín ◽  
Juana Benedí ◽  
Francisco José Sánchez-Muniz
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Algal Extracts

Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major systemic disease which involves impaired pancreatic function and currently affects half a billion people worldwide. Diet is considered the cornerstone to reduce incidence and prevalence of this disease. Algae contains fiber, polyphenols, ω-3 PUFAs, and bioactive molecules with potential antidiabetic activity. This review delves into the applications of algae and their components in T2DM, as well as to ascertain the mechanism involved (e.g., glucose absorption, lipids metabolism, antioxidant properties, etc.). PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were used. Papers in which whole alga, algal extracts, or their isolated compounds were studied in in vitro conditions, T2DM experimental models, and humans were selected and discussed. This review also focuses on meat matrices or protein concentrate-based products in which different types of alga were included, aimed to modulate carbohydrate digestion and absorption, blood glucose, gastrointestinal neurohormones secretion, glycosylation products, and insulin resistance. As microbiota dysbiosis in T2DM and metabolic alterations in different organs are related, the review also delves on the effects of several bioactive algal compounds on the colon/microbiota-liver-pancreas-brain axis. As the responses to therapeutic diets vary dramatically among individuals due to genetic components, it seems a priority to identify major gene polymorphisms affecting potential positive effects of algal compounds on T2DM treatment.

scholarly journals Advantages of therapy with sodium glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with hyperuricemia and gout

2020 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 110-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Panevin ◽  
M. S. Eliseev ◽  
M. V. Shestakova ◽  
E. L. Nasonov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter ◽  
The Russian Federation

Currently, only two drugs for reducing uric acid (UA), allopurinol and febuxostat, are registered in the Russian Federation, but their use does not allow to achieve the target level of UA in all cases. According to the results of numerous randomized trials, hyperuricemia and gout are associated with the corresponding components of the metabolic syndrome, including diabetes mellitus. The influence of factors is due to the need to search for new drugs that have a complex effect on several components of metabolic syndrome at once. Potentially attractive in this regard is a new group of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter of type 2, which, in addition to the main hypoglycemic actions, showed positive effects on the cardiovascular system, kidneys, as well as lowering UA.

scholarly journals Role of bioactive molecules and maternal immune cells in breast-milk in type 2 diabetes mellitus risk reduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Tajudeen Yahaya ◽  
Mutiu Sifau
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Bioactive Molecules

Inadequate breastfeeding or its total neglect has been mentioned in several studies as a contributing factor to the globally rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the anti-diabetic role of breast-milk has not been given much attention. As such, this study was initiated to review and bring to update on the role of breastfeeding in the risk reduction of T2DM. Relevant information on the topic was retrieved from the reliable science databases, including PubMed, MedLine, Google Scholar, Researchgate, etc. The results showed that breast-milk is not energy dense and contains several health-enhancing bioactive molecules, including adipokines, antimicrobial and growth factors, cytokines, nutrients, and immune cells. Adipokines interact with the central nervous system to modulate certain physiological processes involved in energy balance, thereby programming an infant to be at a reduced risk for overweight, obesity and T2DM later in life. The antimicrobial and growth factors, as well as immune cells and bioactive nutrients may stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria and/or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Thus, strengthen neonate defense mechanisms to effectively prevent infections as well as short and long-term disorders such as obesity and T2DM. In conclusion, nursing mothers are advised to breastfeed babies adequately before introducing them to complementary foods. To cater to the need of babies who may not have access to breastfeeding, healthcare providers should formulate infant formula using breast-milk components as basic constituents.

scholarly journals Positive effects of Nordic Walking on anthropometric and metabolic variables in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sentinelli ◽  
V. La Cava ◽  
R. Serpe ◽  
A. Boi ◽  
M. Incani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Nordic Walking ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Metabolic Variables

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure: Innovative Possibilities for Management of Prognosis

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zh. D. Kobalava ◽  
N. V. Yeshniyazov ◽  
V. V. Medovchshikov ◽  
E. R. Khasanova
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitors ◽  
Diagnostic Methods

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has gone beyond the professional interests of one specialty. T2DM, cardiovascular (CV) diseases and chronic kidney disease, considered from the standpoint of a single cardio-reno-metabolic continuum, place a heavy economic burden on society. At the same time, the improvement of diagnostic methods and medical technologies led to distinct decrease in the frequency and mortality from a number of complications of T2DM, including myocardial infarction and stroke, but other states took their place. Thus, heart failure (HF) has taken the position of one of the most frequent complications with average prevalence of 24–40 % and significant predominance of HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). According to this paradigm, HFpEF is not a disease of diastolic dysfunction, but a systemic disease, the central element of which is impaired renal function. All this together has a potential value for choosing the optimal therapy. In recent years the results of specially designed studies assessing the CV-safety of antidiabetic drugs from the groups of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like preptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium – glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have become known. These drugs, except for SGLT2 inhibitors, by their mechanism of action affecting insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, demonstrated neutral or negative result on the frequency of hospitalizations due to HF. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME study with SGLT2, which has a special insulin-independent mechanism of action, demonstrated not only the efficacy and CV-safety of the drug in the form of a decrease in CV mortality by 38 %, but also a decrease in hospitalizations for HF by 35 %. Further studies with SGLT2 inhibitors confirmed positive effect on HF, indicating a class effect of the drugs. The recently completed study DECLARE-TIMI 58 proved the advantages of using dapagliflozin for the primary and secondary prevention of HF. This review highlights the prevalence of HF in diabetes mellitus, a new concept of the pathophysiology of HF, the main groups of sugar-lowering drugs and their effect on CV outcomes, in particular on HF. 

scholarly journals Detailed ECG analysis in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a predictor of multitude of complications

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Vijayashree Shrirang Gokhale ◽  
Manoj Prakash Jeyaseelan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
2D Echocardiography

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease with life-threatening complications and morbidity. The 12 lead ECG, an easily available investigation, when studied in detail can give a lot of information and predict various microvascular and macrovascular complications apart from coronary artery disease.Methods: A random cross sectional study involving 100 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in the age group of 18-80 years were included in study after applying various inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were subjected to ECG, 2D echocardiography and laboratory tests. Data were collected and analysed.Results: Arrythmia was not detected in any patient. A resting tachycardia (HR >100) in 30 patients correlated with Prolonged QTc (>440 miliseconds) (p=0.04). QRS amplitude was reduced in 26 patients. Prolonged QTc also correlated with presence of diabetic complications, retinopathy of NPDR type and nephropathy (p=0.004). Hence about 30% of the study group did show signs of early diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy and cardiomyopathy.Conclusions: The statistically significant utility of electrocardiogram in predicting various complications of diabetes apart from coronary artery disease.

scholarly journals Phytochemicals as Potential Epidrugs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Ramírez-Alarcón ◽  
Montserrat Victoriano ◽  
Lorena Mardones ◽  
Marcelo Villagran ◽  
Ahmed Al-Harrasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Pancreatic Cell

Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prevalence has significantly increased worldwide in recent years due to population age, obesity, and modern sedentary lifestyles. The projections estimate that 439 million people will be diabetic in 2030. T2DM is characterized by an impaired β-pancreatic cell function and insulin secretion, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and recently the epigenetic regulation of β-pancreatic cells differentiation has been underlined as being involved. It is currently known that several bioactive molecules, widely abundant in plants used as food or infusions, have a key role in histone modification and DNA methylation, and constituted potential epidrugs candidates against T2DM. In this sense, in this review the epigenetic mechanisms involved in T2DM and protein targets are reviewed, with special focus in studies addressing the potential use of phytochemicals as epidrugs that prevent and/or control T2DM in vivo and in vitro. As main findings, and although some controversial results have been found, bioactive molecules with epigenetic regulatory function, appear to be a potential replacement/complementary therapy of pharmacological hypoglycemic drugs, with minimal side effects. Indeed, natural epidrugs have shown to prevent or delay the T2DM development and the morbidity associated to dysfunction of blood vessels, eyes and kidneys due to sustained hyperglycemia in T2DM patients.

The positive effects and underlying mechanisms of Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides on type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao-Rong Li ◽  
Rui-Bo Jia ◽  
Luo Donghui ◽  
Lianzhu Lin ◽  
Zheng Qianwen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Undaria Pinnatifida ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Loading Test ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The aim of current work was to investigate the anti-diabetic effects and underlying mechanisms of Undaria pinnatifida polysaccharides (UPP) based on T2DM rat model. The starch loading test showed that...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, resistance training, and innate immunity: is there a common link?

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. DiPenta ◽  
Julia M. Green-Johnson ◽  
René J.L. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Positive Effects

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious chronic disease that is very prevalent in the developed world. The etiology of this disease is not well understood. Recently, the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its complications has received a great deal of attention. Cytokines, acute phase proteins, and phagocytes have been implicated in this model. Resistance training has known benefits in type 2 diabetic patients and older adults, such as improved insulin action, insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose and insulin, and glucose tolerance levels. Actions of pro-inflammatory mediators linked to dysregulated innate immune activity have been associated with type 2 diabetes. The immunomodulatory effects of exercise, and in particular approaches such as resistance training, may provide a strategy to counter these pro-inflammatory effectors. However, the effects of resistance training on innate immunity have not been studied extensively in adults with type 2 diabetes or in older adults who are at increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes. This review discusses the possibility that resistance training may have positive effects on innate immunity in this population and so may provide benefits in addition to improving strength and functional abilities. In particular, the potential of resistance training to modulate pro-inflammatory parameters associated with type 2 diabetes, as a strategy that could provide multiple beneficial health outcomes, is addressed.

scholarly journals The Safety and Tolerability of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Phosphate with Sodium Ferrous Citrate in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Bahrain

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feryal Al-Saber ◽  
Waleed Aldosari ◽  
Mariam Alselaiti ◽  
Hesham Khalfan ◽  
Ahmed Kaladari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Ferrous Citrate ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is prevalent especially in Gulf countries and poses serious long-term risks to patients. A multifaceted treatment approach can include nutritional supplements with antioxidant properties such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) with sodium ferrous citrate (SFC). This prospective, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, dose escalating pilot clinical trial assessed the safety of 5-ALA with SFC at doses up to 200 mg 5-ALA/229.42 mg SFC per day in patients living in Bahrain with type 2 diabetes mellitus that was uncontrolled despite the use of one or more antidiabetic drugs. Fifty-three patients (n=53) from 3 sites at one center were enrolled by Dr. Feryal (Site #01), Dr. Hesham (Site #02), and Dr. Waleed (Site #03) (n=35, 5-ALA-SFC;n=18, placebo). There was no significant difference in incidence of adverse events reported, and the most frequent events reported were gastrointestinal in nature, consistent with the known safety profile of 5-ALA in patients with diabetes. No significant changes in laboratory values and no difference in hypoglycemia between patients receiving 5-ALA and placebo were noted. Overall, the current results support that use of 5-ALA-SFC up to 200 mg per day taken as 2 divided doses is safe in patients taking concomitant oral antidiabetic medications and may offer benefits in the diabetic population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT02481141.

scholarly journals Association between Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance among Sudanese Males with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Ahamed Almakey ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Makeen ◽  
Osman Khalafalla Saeed ◽  
Khalid Abdelsamea Mohamedahmed
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Serum Adiponectin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract Background Adiponectin is associated with improved systemic insulin sensitivity and profound positive effects in adipose tissue, such as increasing mitochondrial density in adipocytes, reducing adipocyte size, and effective esterification of free fatty acids on lipid storage The factor performs forward transcriptional regulation. Diabetes and its complications are considered to be one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objectives The aim of this study was to correlate serum levels of adiponectin with insulin resistance in Sudanese males' type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A case-control community-based study carried out among 126 patients with T2DM as cases group (mean ages 45.2 ± 5.4 years); and 126 normal healthy individuals as controls group (mean ages 44.7 ± 5.4 years as) in Aldaraga Diabetic Center, Wad Medani, Gezira State, Sudan. About Five mL of fasting venous blood was obtained from all participants. HbA1c, FPG, FPI, serum Adiponectin, and (HOMA)-IR were analyzed. SPSS (v 20.0) was used for data analysis. Results The mean of serum adiponectin in the cases group (3.03 ± 0.90µg/ml) was lower than the control group (6.02 ± 4.24µg/ml) giving highly significant differences -between them (P = value ≤ 0.000). HbA1c and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index (HOMA-IR) differed significantly between the two groups (P-value ≤ 0.000). Serum adiponectin concentrations correlated significantly negative with HOMA IR (r = -0.149, P-value = 0.002). Conclusion We concluded that low plasma adiponectin level was predictive of future development of Insulin resistance in Sudanese males.

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