Essential Oils from Residual Foliage of Forest Tree and Shrub Species: Yield and Antioxidant Capacity

Increasing applications and markets for essential oils could bring new opportunities for cost-effective and sustainable management of unused forestry biomass; however, better knowledge of the production and application of such essential oils is necessary. The objective of this work is to contribute to greater knowledge of the essential oil production on a pilot scale from foliage biomass of wild shrubs and tree residues produced in some forestry enhancement operations and to study their antioxidant capacity (ORAC—oxygen radical absorbance capacity). Fresh biomass (twigs) of seven species (E. globulus, E. nitens, P. pinaster, P. sylvestris, R. officinalis, C. ladanifer, and J. communis) was manually collected in Spain in two different periods and was ground at 30 mm and distilled in a 30 L stainless steel still with saturated steam. The essential oil components were identified by GC–MS and quantified by GC–FID, and their antioxidant activity was determined with the ORAC method. Promising results on essential oil yield were obtained with E. globulus, E. nitens, R. officinalis, and J. communis. All essential oils studied exhibited antioxidant capacity by the ORAC assay, particularly that from C. ladanifer. Moreover, oxygenated sesquiterpenes contents, one of the minor components of oils, were significantly correlated with ORAC values.

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Influence of the Storage of Cistus ladanifer L. Bales from Mechanised Harvesting on the Essential Oil Yield and Qualitative Composition

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082379 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2379

Author(s):

Irene Mediavilla ◽

María Amparo Blázquez ◽

Alex Ruiz ◽

Luis Saúl Esteban

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Storage Period ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Saturated Steam ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Qualitative Composition ◽

Cistus Ladanifer ◽

Native Plant ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Cistus ladanifer is a Mediterranean native plant from which valuable products, such as essential oil, are obtained. Manual harvesting of the plants in wild shrublands is usual during short periods of time. Their mechanised harvesting could increase the volume of harvested plants and prevent fires, further storage of the plants collected being necessary. The objective of this work is to study the influence of the storage period of mechanically harvested bales on the essential oil yield and qualitative composition. The harvesting trials were carried out with an adapted commercial harvester baler and the storage of the bales was performed indoors during 1–7 days, 15–30 days and 100–120 days. Afterwards, the bales were crushed (30 mm) and distilled in a 30 litre stainless steel still with saturated steam (0.5 bar). The essential oil components were identified by GC-MS and quantified by GC-FID. The storage of mechanically harvested Cistus ladanifer does not decrease the oil yield of steam distillation on a pilot scale. However, it leads to differences in the quantitative composition of the essential oils, decreasing the total monoterpene compounds content and increasing that of oxygenated sesquiterpenes, especially when the biomass is stored for 100–120 days, without affecting its qualitative composition.

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Essential Oils of Four Virginia Mountain Mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) Varieties Grown in North Alabama

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071397 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1397

Author(s):

William N. Setzer ◽

Lam Duong ◽

Trang Pham ◽

Ambika Poudel ◽

Cuong Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

University Research ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Research Station ◽

Continuous Extraction ◽

Chromatographic Techniques ◽

Relative Differences ◽

Essential Oil Yield ◽

Very High

Virginia mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum) is a peppermint-flavored aromatic herb of the Lamiaceae and is mainly used for culinary, medicinal, aromatic, and ornamental purposes. North Alabama’s climate is conducive to growing mint for essential oils used in culinary, confectionery, and medicinal purposes. There is, however, a need for varieties of P. virginianum that can be adapted and easily grown for production in North Alabama. Towards this end, four field-grown varieties with three harvesting times (M1H1, M1H2, M1H3; M2H1, M2H2, M2H3; M3H1, M3H2, M3H3, M4H1, M4H2, M4H3) were evaluated for relative differences in essential oil yield and composition. Thirty-day-old greenhouse-grown plants of the four varieties were transplanted on raised beds in the field at the Alabama A & M University Research Station in North Alabama. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications. The study’s objective was to compare the four varieties for essential oil yield and their composition at three harvest times, 135, 155, and 170 days after planting (DAP). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation with continuous extraction with dichloromethane using a Likens–Nickerson apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatographic techniques. At the first harvest, the essential oil yield of the four varieties showed that M1H1 had a yield of 1.15%, higher than M2H1, M3H1, and M4H1 with 0.91, 0.76, and 1.03%, respectively. The isomenthone concentrations increased dramatically through the season in M1 (M1H1, M1H2, M1H3) by 19.93, 54.7, and 69.31%, and M3 (M3H1, M3H2, M3H3) by 1.81, 48.02, and 65.83%, respectively. However, it increased only slightly in M2 and M4. The thymol concentration decreased slightly but not significantly in all four varieties; the thymol in M2 and M4 was very high compared with M1 and M3. The study showed that mountain mint offers potential for production in North Alabama. Two varieties, M1 and M3, merit further studies to determine yield stability, essential oil yield, composition, and cultivation development practices.

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Extraction, Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Root of Dryopteris marginalis

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.22109 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2512-2516 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md. Zahidul Islam ◽

Jannat Al Foisal ◽

Mahbubur Rahman ◽

Mst. Afsana Mimi ◽

Faridul Islam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Total Concentration ◽

Petroleum Ether Extract ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Organic Extracts ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Essential Oil Yield

The aim of the study was to characterize the chemical constituents and determine antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils and three different extracts of Dryopteris marginalis. The root had essential oil yield of 0.36 % (w/w) in which 12 organic compounds representing 97.22% of the root oils were identified. Tyranton was found as the most abundant component with 77.571 % of the total concentration in the essential oil. The zones of inhibition of different organic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 6.5-15 mm. Pseudomonas was the most vulnerable with MICs of 15.62 μg/mL by both ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extract producing 3.8 mm zone of inhibition. The essential oils extracted from roots of Dryopteris marginalis showed maximum 85.29 % inhibition of radical scavenging at 2 mg/mL concentration. Among all root extracts, methanol extract exhibited 41.11 % inhibition at 2 mg/mL concentration.

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Effect of Enzymatic, Ultrasound, and Reflux Extraction Pretreatments on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25204818 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (20) ◽

pp. 4818

Author(s):

Anđela Miljanović ◽

Ana Bielen ◽

Dorotea Grbin ◽

Zvonimir Marijanović ◽

Martina Andlar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Mediterranean Plants ◽

Essential Oil Yield

The effect of different hydrodistillation pretreatments, namely, reflux extraction, reflux extraction with the addition of cell wall-degrading enzymes, and ultrasound, on the yield and chemical composition of essential oils of sage, bay laurel, and rosemary was examined. All pretreatments improved essential oil yield compared to no-pretreatment control (40–64% yield increase), while the oil quality remained mostly unchanged (as shown by statistical analysis of GC-MS results). However, enzyme-assisted reflux extraction pretreatment did not significantly outperform reflux extraction (no-enzyme control), suggesting that the observed yield increase was mostly a consequence of reflux extraction and enzymatic activity had only a minute effect. Thus, we show that ultrasound and reflux extraction pretreatments are beneficial in the production of essential oils of selected Mediterranean plants, but the application of enzymes has to be carefully re-evaluated.

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ESSENTIAL OILS AND METHYLGLYOXAL: A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2016.v8i9.12242 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 107

Author(s):

Erin Cieslak ◽

James P. Mack ◽

Albert Rojtman

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Alternative Treatment ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Medicinal Properties

Objective: Essential oils are of significant interest in today’s world of healthcare because these compounds have a variety of medicinal properties. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antibiotic role of essential oils as a possible alternative treatment in combatting Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Methods: In conjunction with carrier oils, three essential oils (cassia, cinnamon bark, and thyme), as well as methylglyoxal were tested on MRSA using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration of each tested essential oil and methylglyoxal in carrier oil was determined to be 25% essential oil and 75% carrier oil mixture. This concentration worked much more effectively than the standard antibiotic, vancomycin, which is currently used to treat MRSA infections.Conclusion: Antibacterial emollients made from naturally occurring products like essential oils can be cost-effective alternatives to antibiotics. The results of this research show that these emollients are more effective against MRSA than standard antibiotics in cell culture.

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Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Essential Oils from Pomelo [Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck] Leaves using Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation Method

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.21768 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (8) ◽

pp. 1639-1642 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

TAN PHAT DAO ◽

THIEN HIEN TRAN ◽

Duy Trinh Nguyen ◽

Duy Chinh Nguyen ◽

Dai Hai Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Response Surface ◽

Favourable Outcome ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

P Value ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

New Methods ◽

Essential Oil Yield

Pomelo leaves oil has many applications regarding hair nourishment and stimulation. Recently, new methods of extracting essential oil used have been increasingly developed to replace traditional methods. In this research, maximization of essential oils yield from Citrus grandis was studied by the combination of microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and response surface methodology (RSM). We found that the maximum essential oil yield was 0.3197 % with 91.3 % desirability corresponding to factors such as material and water ratiosof 3.04:1, extraction time at 62.76 min and microwave power of 482.17 W. ANOVA analysis for quadratic model also gives favourable outcome including the high determination coefficient (R2 = 0.9443), significant F-value and p-value of coefficients. All these values indicate that this model is significant between experimental and predicted variables.

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Essential Oil Extracted from Cymbopogon citronella Leaves by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2019/8192439 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hong Wu ◽

Jilie Li ◽

Yuan Jia ◽

Zhihong Xiao ◽

Peiwang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Essential Oil Yield

To improve essential oil quality, especially to reserve the thermal instability of compounds, supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) was applied to recover essential oil from Cymbopogon citronella leaves. A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process. The highest essential oil yield was predicted at extraction time 120 min, extraction pressure 25 MPa, extraction temperature 35°C, and CO2 flow 18 L/h for the SFE processing. Under these experimental conditions, the mean essential oil yield is 4.40%. In addition, the chemical compositions of SFE were compared with those obtained by hydrodistillation extraction (HD). There were 41 compounds obtained of SFE, while 35 compounds of HD. Alcohols and aldehydes were the main compositions in the essential oils. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities and antimicrobial of essential oils obtained by HD and the evaluated condition of SFE were compared. Results showed that the antioxidant activities of SFE oil are better than those of HD. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by the microdilution method. Essential oil obtained from SFE and HD exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. It is confirmed that the SFE method can be an alternative processing method to extract essential oils from Cymbopogon citronella leaves.

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The Chemical Compositions of Essential Oils Derived from Cryptocarya alba and Laurelia sempervirens Possess Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antitumoral Activity Potential

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25235600 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (23) ◽

pp. 5600

Author(s):

Jorge Touma ◽

Myriam Navarro ◽

Betsabet Sepúlveda ◽

Alequis Pavon ◽

Gino Corsini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Natural Food ◽

Antitumoral Activity ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Natural Medicine ◽

Agar Disc

Cryptocarya alba (Peumo; CA) and Laurelia sempervirens (Laurel; LS) are herbs native to the Chilean highlands and have historically been used for medicinal purposes by the Huilliches people. In this work, the essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation in Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS to determine their composition. The antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated in vitro. The cytotoxicity was determined using cell line cultures both non tumoral and tumoral. The toxicity was determined using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against 52 bacteria using the agar disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. The principal compounds found in C. alba essential oil (CA_EO) were α-terpineol (24.96%) and eucalyptol (21.63%) and were isazafrol (91.9%) in L. sempervirens essential oil (LS_EO). Both EOs showed antioxidant capacity in vitro. Both EO showed antibacterial activity against bacteria using. LS_EO showed more inhibitory effect on these cell lines respect to CA_EO. Both EOs showed toxicity against the nematode C.elegans at 3.12–50 mg/mL. The essential oils of CA and LS have an important bioactive potential in their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxicity activity. Both essential oils could possibly be used in the field of natural medicine, natural food preservation, cosmetics, sanitation and plaguicides among others.

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Chemical Composition and Anti-mildew Activities of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Michelia compressa var. formosana

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1501000435 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1934578X1501000

Author(s):

Yu-Chang Su ◽

Kuang-Ping Hsu ◽

Eugene I-Chen Wang ◽

Chen-Lung Ho

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Main Constituent ◽

Germacrene D ◽

Leaf Oil ◽

Essential Oil Yield ◽

Different Parts ◽

Type Apparatus

In this study, anti-mildew activities of the essential oils of the leaves, wood, twigs, flowers, and their constituents from Michelia compressa var. formosana were evaluated in vitro against 7 mildew fungi. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew activities were isolated and identified. The essential oils from the fresh leaves, wood, twigs, and flowers of M. compressa var. formosana were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS. The essential oil yield from the flowers was the highest, and the oils obtained from the 4 parts of the tree were composed mainly of sesquiterpenoids. The leaf oil consisted primarily of α-cadinol (18.9%) and germacrene D (18.5%); the twig oil's main constituent was α-cadinol (19.1%); the wood oil's major components were α-cadinol (25.7%) and β-eudesmol (20.2%); and the flower oil contained α-cadinol (11.4%). Comparing the anti-mildew activities of the oils suggested that wood oil was the most effective. Further fractionation of the wood oil produced α-cadinol, β-eudesmol, τ-cadinol, and elemol. The 4 compounds exhibit very strong anti-mildew activities, and these in descending order are α-cadinol, elemol, β-eudesmol, and τ-cadinol. For the anti-mildew activities of the wood oil, the active source compounds were determined to be α-cadinol, elemol, β-eudesmol, and τ-cadinol.

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Chemical Description and Essential Oil Yield Variability of Different Accessions of Salvia lavandulifolia

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1400900236 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 1934578X1400900 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jaime Usano-Alemany ◽

Jesús Palá-Paúl ◽

Manuel Santa-Cruz Rodríguez ◽

David Herraiz-Peñalver

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Oil Production ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Maturation Stage ◽

Essential Oil Yield ◽

Essential Oil Production

The amount and chemical composition of essential oils are crucial for the modulation of the flavor, scent and therapeutic properties of aromatic and medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenology and weather conditions on the essential oil yield obtained from the aerial parts of Salvia lavandulifolia Vahl. Besides, we tried to carry out an approach to the chemical composition at the time of full bloom. Essential oil production of several accessions was monitored throughout the whole phenological cycle, both, at the original location growing wild and at the experimental plot as cultivated plants. Local pedoclimatic conditions seem to be crucial for the plant essential oil production. Our results showed high conditioning rates from both yearly climatic conditions and developmental stage of the plants. Maximum yield production was reported at the full seed maturation stage (average 1.74%) and after a slight dry period (average 2.16%). Phytochemical differences were maintained when plants were forced to grow under common pedoclimatic conditions. Thereby, essential oil analysis showed some populations formed by clearly distinct individuals while others had more homogenous plants. Compounds such α-pinene, β-pinene + myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, camphor and β-caryophyllene were the main compounds of the essential oils of S. lavandulifolia.

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