scholarly journals Non-Chemical Treatments for the Pre- and Post-Harvest Elicitation of Defense Mechanisms in the Fungi–Avocado Pathosystem

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6819
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Herrera-González ◽  
Silvia Bautista-Baños ◽  
Mario Serrano ◽  
Gianfranco Romanazzi ◽  
Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Important Disease

The greatest challenge for the avocado (Persea americana Miller) industry is to maintain the quality of the fruit to meet consumer requirements. Anthracnose is considered the most important disease in this industry, and it is caused by different species of the genus Colletotrichum, although other pathogens can be equally important. The defense mechanisms that fruit naturally uses can be triggered in response to the attack of pathogenic microorganisms and also by the application of exogenous elicitors in the form of GRAS compounds. The elicitors are recognized by receptors called PRRs, which are proteins located on the avocado fruit cell surface that have high affinity and specificity for PAMPs, MAMPs, and DAMPs. The activation of defense-signaling pathways depends on ethylene, salicylic, and jasmonic acids, and it occurs hours or days after PTI activation. These defense mechanisms aim to drive the pathogen to death. The application of essential oils, antagonists, volatile compounds, chitosan and silicon has been documented in vitro and on avocado fruit, showing some of them to have elicitor and fungicidal effects that are reflected in the postharvest quality of the fruit and a lower incidence of diseases. The main focus of these studies has been on anthracnose diseases. This review presents the most relevant advances in the use of natural compounds with antifungal and elicitor effects in plant tissues.

scholarly journals Assessment of Mint, Basil, and Lavender Essential Oil Vapor-Phase in Antifungal Protection and Lemon Fruit Quality

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata M. Sumalan ◽  
Raufdzhon Kuganov ◽  
Diana Obistioiu ◽  
Iuliana Popescu ◽  
Isidora Radulov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Quality Properties ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Ic50 Values ◽  
Set Up

There is an increasing interest in developing natural methods to replace the current chemicals used for maintaining postharvest quality of citrus fruits. The essential oil antifungal activity of mint (MEO), basil (BEO), and lavender (LEO) acting as the vapor-phases was tested against Penicillium digitatum. The minimum doses with fungistatic and fungicidal effect, in vitro, acting as the vapor-phases, were set up. The minimum fungicidal dose was 300 μL for BEO and 350 μL LEO, while for MEO only minimal dose with fungistatic effect was reached. The IC50 values were calculated and used (v/v) for testing preservation of lemon fruits, in close space enriched in vapor oil. For this purpose, the following two independent in vivo experiments were carried out: experiment 1, inoculated lemons with P. digitatum stored without chemical treatments 7 days, at 22 ± 2 °C, at two concentrations (C1—IC50 equivalent; C2—half of C1); and experiment 2, the non-inoculated lemons kept under the same conditions and concentrations of EO vapor served to evaluate the lemon quality properties. The results showed that antifungal protective effect was provided in the order of LEO-C1 > BEO-C1 > MEO-C1 > BEO-C2 > MEO-C2 > LEO-C2. The quality indicators like weight loss, pH, and firmness were not negatively influenced.

scholarly journals Postharvest Quality of Cut Roses With the Application of Salicylic Acid

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
Sérgio Miguel Mazaro ◽  
Edson Bertoldo ◽  
Nean Locatelli Dalacosta ◽  
Fabiana Chiamulera Borsatti ◽  
Mycheli Preuss da Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Stem Curvature ◽  
Lower Stem

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of salicylic acid (SA) on the maintenance of quality and longevity of cut roses cv. Vega. Cut roses were kept in a vase solution of SA and water at concentrations of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mM. All treatments were kept at 8±2 oC for 96 hours, simulating storage in flower shops; the flowers were then evaluated regarding loss of fresh matter and leaf chlorophyll content and were transferred to beakers containing distilled water at 25±2 ºC for more 144 hours, simulating shelf life. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours from the beginning of the experiment, biochemical analyses of total proteins and the activity of the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and peroxidases (PO) were performed. Visual analyses were performed (stem curvature, turgescence and petal darkening) every 48 hour intervals until the end of the experiment. The treatments with SA allowed the maintenance of post-harvest quality, reducing the loss of fresh matter mass, lower stem curvature, greater turgescence and less darkening of the petals. The results showed that the application of SA increased total protein contents and FAL, which characterizes the activation of plant defense mechanisms to the senescence process.

scholarly journals Nutritional quality of milk curd by adding avocado extract (Persea americana, mill) using gombong bamboo (Gigantochloa verticilata)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P T Pandiangan ◽  
T H Wahyuni ◽  
Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Buffalo Milk ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Quality Of Milk ◽  
Physiology Laboratory ◽  
North Sumatra

Curd is a traditional fermented buffalo milk from West Sumatra.Fermentation in curd making occurs spontaneously, meaning thatfermentation occurs naturally without the addition of a starter. This studyaims to determine the nutritional content of cow milk curd with the additionof avocado extract (Persea americana, Mill) various levels using Gombongbamboo (Gigantochloa verticilata).This research was conducted at the Analogy and Physiology Laboratory ofthe Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra in November 2018-December 2018. The design used in this study was a completelyrandomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Theparameters analyzed were Protein, Fat, and pH. The results showed thatcow milk curd with the addition of avocado (Persea americana, Mill)extract various levels using Gombong bamboo (Gigantochloa verticilata)significantly had different effects on the nutritional value of protein, fat andpH. From the nutritional value studied, the highest protein: P1 7.57% withthe addition of avocado fruit extract (Persea americana, Mill) 6%, fataverage: P1 7.08% with the addition of avocado fruit extract (Perseaamericana, Mill) 6%, pH: P4 5.30% with the addition of avocado fruitextract (Persea americana, Mill) 24%.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-DIABETIC POTENTIALS OF PERSEA AMERICANA MILL. (LAURACEAE) FRUIT EXTRACT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadeva Rao US
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Hydrolyzing Enzymes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and the management of blood glucose level is an important strategy in the control of the disease and complications associated with it. Therefore, components that cause uptake of glucose from the bloodstream and inhibitors of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes can be useful in treatment of DM and medicinal plants are often used to achieve this aim. Avocado fruit is rich in phytochemicals necessary for treatment of DM. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Persea americana fruit extracts on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. The percentage yield, phytochemical screening (both qualitative and quantitative), in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabeticassays, and kinetic studies were performed with different solvent extracts of Avocado fruit pulp. Results: Avocado hadgreat and promising potential as pharmaceutical agent, particularly to be developed as anti-diabetic through the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α- amylase enzymes.  In vitro studies of the antioxidant activity of the fruit extract gaveanevidence and strong biochemical rationale of their therapeutic potential. The fruit extract of P. americana may play an important role in the development of nutraceuticals and also in the management of oxidative stress induced DM.

scholarly journals Yeast from Epiphyte of Avocadoes to Control Colletotrichum gloesporioides Causing Antrachnose Disease

SAINTEKBU ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Anton Muhibuddin ◽  
Siti Fadhilah ◽  
Antok Wahyu Sektiono ◽  
Umi Kulsum Nur Qomariyah ◽  
Mazidatul Faizah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Anthracnose Disease ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Chemical Pesticide ◽  
Yeast Antagonist ◽  
Important Disease

Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloesporioides fungi is an important disease in avocado fruit during storage. An effective, cheap, and non-poisoned control method was required during storage to minimize chemical pesticide residues. This observation was aimed to select yeast with antagonistic ability from avocado epiphyte. Selected yeasts then tested their antagonist ability versus Colletotrichum gloesporioides, the fungi causing anthracnose disease, in vitro. Based on visual observation, microscopically and macroscopically, knowing that there were 3 yeast species isolated from green-long avocado variety i.e.: Candida sp., Filobasidium sp., and Cryptococcus sp., and then from mega gagauan avocado variety i.e.: Pichia sp., Candida sp., Cryptococcus sp., and Metschnikowia sp. The most antagonist yeast was Cryptococcus sp, which isolated from green long avocado. Keyword: Yeast, antagonist, storage, avocado, anthracnose

scholarly journals Preharvest Application of Phellodendron Bark Extracts Controls Brown Rot and Maintains Quality of Peento-shaped Peach

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1857-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyuan Feng ◽  
Baogang Wang ◽  
Wensheng Li ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Jiankang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Peach Fruit

Preharvest application of Phellodendron bark (Phellodendron chinese Schneid) extract (PBE) on brown rot and postharvest quality of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. platycarpa (Decne.) L.H. Bailey] was investigated. PBE at 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 mg·mL−1 totally inhibited conidial germination, mycelial growth, and sporulation, respectively, of Monilinia fructicola in vitro. Preharvest PBE treatment at 21.0 mg·mL−1 at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days after full bloom controlled brown rot caused by M. fructicola on peach fruit after harvest and reduced disease incidence and lesion diameter by 37% and 61%, respectively, than those of the control 96 h after inoculation in in vivo experiments. The results from field experiments were consistent during a 3-year period. Fruit from PBE-treated trees showed higher activities of defense enzymes, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase, compared with those of the control during storage. PBE also delayed softening and loss of titratable acidity and inhibited flesh browning during storage. Total soluble solid contents were unaffected by treatment. The results indicate that preharvest application of PBE may be an alternative for controlling brown rot of peach fruit.

scholarly journals Effect of the Combination Hot Water - Calcium Chloride on the In Vitro Growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and the Postharvest Quality of Infected Papaya

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 572-581
Author(s):  
Lidia Elena Ayón-Reyna ◽  
José Ángel López-Valenzuela ◽  
Francisco Delgado-Vargas ◽  
Martha Edith López-López ◽  
Francisco Javier Molina-Corral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
In Vitro Growth

scholarly journals Extension of Avocado Fruit Postharvest Quality Using Non-Chemical Treatments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Munhuweyi ◽  
Semakaleng Mpai ◽  
Dharini Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Soft Landing ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Postharvest Management ◽  
Hass Avocado

Developing postharvest management techniques using environmentally friendly and non-chemical approaches is key to extending the shelf life of avocados in a safer and health conscious manner. Avocados are prone to postharvest deterioration caused by mechanical damage, chilling injury, soft landing, uneven ripening and decay. Among the different cultivars of avocados commercially grown worldwide, the ‘Hass’ variety continues to be the most predominant due to its nutty flavour and functional properties. Most of the literature on postharvest decay and disorders affecting avocado fruit quality during storage and marketing is dedicated to the Hass avocado. Some of these postharvest problems are unique to the ‘Hass’ avocado can possibly be controlled by simply investing more research into other cultivars. These postharvest losses can be significantly controlled using eco-friendly technologies, such as modified atmosphere, physical heat treatments and most importantly investing in natural biodegradable products with naturally inherent antimicrobial properties. Thus, this review includes the recent research-based information on the use of non-chemical treatments on the improvement of fruit health and quality.

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