Antiviral Efficacy of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles against the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSV) are responsible for one of the most economically important diseases affecting the global pig industry. On-farm high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration systems can effectively reduce airborne transmission of PRRSV and the incidence of PRRS, but they are costly, and their adoption is limited. Therefore, there is a need for low-cost alternatives, such as antimicrobial filters impregnated with antiviral nanoparticles (AVNP). During the past 10 years, tailored intermetallic/multi-elemental AVNP compositions have demonstrated effective performance against human viruses. In this study, a panel of five AVNP was evaluated for viricidal activity against PRRSV. Three AVNP materials: AVNP2, copper nanoparticles (CuNP), and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP), were shown to exert a significant reduction (>99.99%) in virus titers at 1.0% (w/v) concentration. Among the three, CuNP was the most effective at lower concentrations. Further experiments revealed that AVNP generated significant reductions in viral titers within just 1.5 min. For an optimal reduction in viral titers, direct contact between viruses and AVNP was required. This was further explained by the inert nature of these AVNP, where only negligible leaching concentrations of Ag/Cu ions (0.06–4.06 ppm) were detected in AVNP supernatants. Real-time dynamic light scatting (DLS) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses suggested that the mono-dispersive hydrodynamic behavior of AVNPs may have enhanced their antiviral activity against PRRSV. Collectively, these data support the further evaluation of these AVNP as candidate nanoparticles for incorporation into antimicrobial air-filtration systems to reduce transmission of PRRSV and other airborne pathogens.

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Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Their Applications in Biomedicine, Mechanisms, and Toxicity

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11040564 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 564

Author(s):

Devanthiran Letchumanan ◽

Sophia P. M. Sok ◽

Suriani Ibrahim ◽

Noor Hasima Nagoor ◽

Norhafiza Mohd Arshad

Keyword(s):

Copper Oxide ◽

Low Cost ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Cuo Nps ◽

Metal Metal ◽

Reducing Properties

Plants are rich in phytoconstituent biomolecules that served as a good source of medicine. More recently, they have been employed in synthesizing metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) due to their capping and reducing properties. This green synthesis approach is environmentally friendly and allows the production of the desired NPs in different sizes and shapes by manipulating parameters during the synthesis process. The most commonly used metals and oxides are gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). Among these, Cu is a relatively low-cost metal that is more cost-effective than Au and Ag. In this review, we present an overview and current update of plant-mediated Cu/copper oxide (CuO) NPs, including their synthesis, medicinal applications, and mechanisms. Furthermore, the toxic effects of these NPs and their efficacy compared to commercial NPs are reviewed. This review provides an insight into the potential of developing plant-based Cu/CuO NPs as a therapeutic agent for various diseases in the future.

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Biological activity of gum Arabic-coated ferrous oxide nanoparticles

Modern Physics Letters B ◽

10.1142/s021798492150411x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150411

Author(s):

Rania Hasan Huseen ◽

Ali A. Taha ◽

Ihab Q. Ali ◽

Oday Mahmmod Abdulhusein ◽

Selma M. H. Al-Jawad

Keyword(s):

Iron Oxide ◽

Cell Line ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Low Cost ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Co Precipitation ◽

Mcf 7

In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) had been prepared by co-precipitation method. In order to reduce their toxicity and increase stability, prepared iron oxide was coated with gum Arabic. Gum Arabic is preferred over synthetic materials due to their non-toxicity, low cost and availability. Characterization of coated and non-coated iron oxide NPs had been performed by spectrophotometer, Fourier transfer infra-red spectrophotometer (FTIR), Zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM). The fabricated nanoparticles appeared purity and crystalline nature by XRD, with diameter average of 27.01 nm and 55.12 nm for iron oxide NPs and iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic, respectively. On the other hand, four biological activities of coated and non-coated iron oxide had been investigated. High removal of methylene blue pollutant dye (46%) was observed with iron oxide NPs, while removal percentage was 22.6 performed by iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic within 72 h. Iron oxide NPs revealed high inhibition zones of 27.5 nm and 30 mm, at 1000 [Formula: see text]g/ml, against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, while coated iron oxide NPs with gum Arabic revealed low antibacterial activity against both examined bacteria even when used at 1000 [Formula: see text]g/ml. The hemolytic activity of prepared NPs had been determined. The hemolytic percentage was increased whenever concentrations of nanoparticles increased. Lower hemolytic percentages were 69.76 and 50.98 for iron oxide NPs and iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic were observed at a concentration of 250 [Formula: see text]g/ml. Finally, cytotoxic activity was estimated against MCF-7 cell line and normal cell line WRL68 by MTT assay. A decrease in MCF-7 viability to 65.1% was observed when 400 [Formula: see text]g/ml of iron oxide NPs was used, while WRL68 viability was 75.03%. Iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic revealed significant reduction in MCF-7 and WRL68 viability to 69.90% and 80.05%, respectively, when 400 [Formula: see text]g/ml of nanoparticles was applied.

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Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Are Highly Toxic: A Comparison between Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes

Chemical Research in Toxicology ◽

10.1021/tx800064j ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1726-1732 ◽

Cited By ~ 887

Author(s):

Hanna L. Karlsson ◽

Pontus Cronholm ◽

Johanna Gustafsson ◽

Lennart Möller

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Metal Oxide ◽

Copper Oxide ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles

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Micro-Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide Nano-Particles Synthesized by Bio-Polymeric Templates

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.906.190 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 906 ◽

pp. 190-195

Author(s):

Sujata Mandal ◽

Dominic Savio ◽

S.J. Selvaraj ◽

S. Natarajan ◽

Asit Baran Mandal

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Nano Particles ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Cellulose Fibres ◽

Wurtzite Phase ◽

Crystallite Sizes ◽

Polymeric Templates

Zinc and iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using natural bio-polymeric templates viz. cellulose and sodium alginate. Cellulose fibres from different sources viz. filter-and blot-papers, were used as templates for this purpose. The synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infra-red spectra (FT-IR), UV-Visible spectrophotomer (UV-Vis) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. XRD studied confirmed the formation of highly crystalline hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO in all the synthesized nanoparticles. The average crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles obtained using different templates, were well below 50 nm. Characteristics of the zinc oxide nanoparticles obtained by template-based techniques were compared with those obtained by co-precipitation technique. Influence of various templates on the characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles was studied.

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Novel Pressure Sensors Made from Nanocomposites (Biodegradable Polymers–Metal Oxide Nanoparticles): Fabrication and Characterization

Ukrainian Journal of Physics ◽

10.15407/ujpe63.8.754 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (8) ◽

pp. 754 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

A. Hashim ◽

A. Hadi

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Dielectric Properties ◽

Low Cost ◽

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Pressure Sensors ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Ac Electrical Conductivity ◽

Dc Electrical Conductivity ◽

Pressure Sensitive

This paper aims to the preparation of novel pressure-sensitive nanocomposites with low cost, light weight, and good sensitivity. The nanocomposites of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, and lead oxide nanoparticles have been investigated. The dielectric properties and dc electrical conductivity of (PVA–PAA–PbO2) nanocomposites have been studied. The dielectric properties of nanocomposites were measured in the frequency range (100 Hz–5 MHz). The experimental results showed that the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of (PVA–PAA–PbO2) nanocomposites decrease, as the frequency increases, and they increase with the concentrations of PbO2 nanoparticles. The ac electrical conductivity of (PVA–PAA–PbO2) nanocomposites increases with the frequency and the concentrations of PbO2 nanoparticles. The dc electrical conductivity of (PVA–PAA–PbO2) nanocomposites also increases with the concentrations of PbO2 nanoparticles. The application of pressure-sensitive nanocomposites has been examined in the pressure interval (60–200) bar. The results showed that the electrical resistance of (PVA–PAA–PbO2) pressure-sensitive nanocomposites decreases, as the compressive stress increases. The (PVA–PAA–PbO2) nanocomposites have high sensitivity to pressure.

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Point of emission air filtration enhances protection of health care workers against skin contamination with virus aerosol

10.1101/2021.08.15.21261997 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shane Anthony Landry ◽

Dinesh Subedi ◽

Martin Ian MacDonald ◽

Samantha Dix ◽

Donna Kutey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Low Cost ◽

Personal Exposure ◽

Air Filtration ◽

Care Workers ◽

Skin Contamination ◽

Air Purifier

Rationale: We recently demonstrated that a patient hood with a high efficiency particulate air filter eliminates virus aerosol contamination when very large quantities of bacteriophage virus are aerosolised into a clinical room. While this containment method is relatively low cost, it is unclear whether similar efficacy can be achieved with lower cost/commercial grade air purifiers, or if such an approach protects healthcare workers against virus aerosol contamination. Method: A total of 109 (10 ml of 108) PhiX174 bacteriophages was nebulized into a sealed clinical room. Surface contamination was detected by settle plates left uncovered during exposure. A healthcare worker remained in the room, personal exposure was determined by skin swabs after exiting the room, following doffing of personal protective equipment (PPE). Four skin areas were swabbed: forearms/hands, neck, forehead, under N95 mask. Three conditions were tested, 1) hood with hospital grade air purifier (IQ Air Health Pro 250), 2) hood with commercial air purifier (Philips 1000i), and 3) control (no hood/air-purification). Findings: The control condition demonstrated extensive environmental and limited skin contamination underneath PPE, which was highest under an N95 mask. The commercial air purifier and hood provided environmental control of virus aerosol and almost zero skin contamination. In comparison, the hospital grade purifier provided complete environmental and skin contamination protection, despite a lower clean air filtration rate (240m3/hr vs 270m3/hr). Virus counts on plates and swabs were significantly lower for both air purifiers and across neck, forehead, and under the N95. There were no statistically significant differences in detected virus counts between air purifiers. Conclusion: This cheap and scalable method may be an effective way to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in hospitals by enhancing the effectiveness of PPE worn by health care workers who care for COVID-19 patients and who are exposed to virus aerosol.

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Inkjet printing and photonic sintering of silver and copper oxide nanoparticles for ultra-low-cost conductive patterns

Journal of Materials Chemistry C ◽

10.1039/c6tc00628k ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (16) ◽

pp. 3546-3554 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Andreas Albrecht ◽

Almudena Rivadeneyra ◽

Alaa Abdellah ◽

Paolo Lugli ◽

José F. Salmerón

Keyword(s):

Copper Oxide ◽

Inkjet Printing ◽

Low Cost ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Post Processing ◽

Processing Methods ◽

Conductive Films ◽

Photonic Sintering

Printing technologies to produce conductive films and electronic devices are well established and employ only inexpensive materials and devices as well as rapid post-processing methods.

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