scholarly journals The History of the Decline and Fall of the Glial Numbers Legend

Neuroglia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Arthur Butt

In the field of neuroscience and, more specifically glial cell biology, one of the most fundamentally intriguing and enduring questions has been “how many neuronal cells—neurones and glia—are there in the human brain?”. From the outset, the driving force behind this question was undoubtedly the scientific quest for knowledge of why humans are more intelligent than even our nearest relatives; the ‘neuronal doctrine’ dictated we must have more neurones than other animals. The early histological studies indicated a vast space between neurones that was filled by ‘nervenkitt’, later identified as neuroglia; arguably, this was the origin of the myth that glia massively outnumber neurones in the human brain. The myth eventually became embedded in ideology when later studies seemed to confirm that glia outnumber neurones in the human cortex—the seat of humanity—and that there was an inevitable rise in the glia-to-neurone ratio (GNR) as we climbed the evolutionary tree. This could be described as the ‘glial doctrine’—that the rise of intelligence and the rise of glia go hand-in-hand. In many ways, the GNR became a mantra for working on glial cells at a time when the neuronal doctrine ruled the world. However, the work of Suzana Herculano-Houzel which she reviews in this first volume of Neuroglia has led the way in demonstrating that neurones and glia are almost equal in number in the human cortex and there is no inexorable phylogenetic rise in the GNR. In this commentary we chart the fall and decline of the mythology of the GNR.

Author(s):  
Inocente Soto Calzado

Teodoro Miciano fue nombrado académico de Bellas Artes a punto de cumplir 70 años. Su discurso de ingreso habla con total naturalidad de práctica y teoría artística. Joven ilustrador para revistas y maduro grabador con excepcionales conocimientos y dominio técnico, su ensayo toma como eje conductor una de las técnicas más pictóricas de la calcografía, el aguatinta, trazando una breve pero ambiciosa historia. Preocupado por el devenir de las artes gráficas, plantea la problemática realidad de la obra gráfica original y del arte de las ediciones limitadas. Traza las líneas maestras del grabado europeo, describiendo profusamente la gráfica de Goya y reconociendo los hallazgos plásticos de Picasso en el mundo del grabado. Se analiza la clarividencia de sus ideas y su vigencia en la actualidad, con desarrollos en otros países que no han terminado de producirse en España.Teodoro Miciano was named Academician of Fine Arts nearing 70 years old. His Entrance speech talks with total naturalness about artistic theory and practice. Young illustrator for magazines and mature printmaker with exceptional knowledge and technical proficiency, his essay takes as the driving force one of the pictorial techniques of engraving, aquatint, tracing  a short but ambitious story. Concerned about the future of the graphic arts, presents the problematic reality of the original graphic work and the art of the limited editions. He traces the lines of European engraving, profusely describing the graphic of Goya and recognizing the plastic finds of Picasso in the world of engraving. The clairvoyance of their ideas and their validity in the present is analyzed, with developments in other countries that have not finished producing in Spain.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Xiangjun Su

Chinese civilization is the only ancient human civilization existing in the world, with a history of more than five thousand years. Over its long history of evolution, Chinese civilization has developed into a distinct civilization. This article briefly discusses eight main characteristics of the Chinese civilization, including the pluralistic and integrated Chinese nation, the wide use of the time-honored Chinese character, and the philosophy of being people-oriented and seeking harmony between man and nature, etc.. Moreover, it is pointed out that Chinese civilization is the fundamental intrinsic driving force for the rapid rise of China in recent decades and the Chinese national rejuvenation, and China is destined to take its own path of development due to its unique civilization.


2001 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
N. N. Yakhno ◽  
K. V. Rodionov

The history of the development of the Moscow neurological school in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. is, in essence, the history of the clinic of nervous diseases named after A.Ya. Kozhevnikov Moscow Medical Academy named after I.M. Sechenov. The teaching of nervous and mental diseases began at the departments of pathology and therapy of Moscow University, headed by the most prominent clinicians M.Ya. Mudrov, I.E. Dyadkovsky, I.V. Varvinsky, I.T. Glebov and A.I. Polunin long before the creation of a neurological clinic. The new university charter of 1863, among others, provided for the organization of a clinic for nervous and mental diseases, and therefore in the same year the medical faculty recommended A.Ya. Kozhevnikov as a worthy candidate for heading a new department or course of nervous and mental diseases. According to the traditions of A.Ya. Kozhevnikov in 1866 was sent abroad for 3 years. He worked in clinics and laboratories headed by the largest specialists in neuropsychiatry and physiologists (J.-M. Charcot, V. Grisinger, E. Dubois-Raymond, etc.). During this period A.Ya. Kozhevnikov performed several independent histological studies. In 1869, the university council elected A.Ya. Kozhevnikov for the position of Associate Professor of Nervous Diseases and Psychiatry. In the summer of 1869, after returning from an overseas business trip, he headed the independent department of nervous and mental diseases created for the first time in the world and already in December submitted to the dean A.I. Polunin, a curriculum for teaching nervous diseases and psychiatry, began to give a course of lectures on nervous and mental diseases and to conduct practical classes on nervous diseases.


Author(s):  
Eric Avila

The book opens in explaining that this very short introduction to American cultural history emphasizes culture as a driving force in American history. Cultural history is the history of stories, their origins, transmission, and significance in time. However, no work of cultural history can disentangle the cultural from political, economic, and social processes of change. The relationship between culture and identity needs to be understood along with the spatial context of cultural production and its physical location within distinct geographies. American culture has been the sum of diverse global influences, from almost every part of the world, but it has not contained itself within national boundaries.


Author(s):  
Assoc. Prof, Dr. Pham Ngoc Tram ◽  

Democracy plays an especially important role in the history of thought, because it is not only the primary mode for establishing a good, humane society for human happiness; but also the driving force to promote the socio-economic development of each country and nation. Therefore, most countries in the world, including Vietnam, consider democracy as the goal of their development strategy. Ho Chi Minh left our Party and our people an invaluable legacy of theoretical arguments on particularly important issues of the Vietnamese revolution, including philosophical profound thoughts on democracy, which until now, it still has theoretical and practical value.


2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Landecker

ArgumentFilm scholars have long posed the question of the specificity of the film medium and the apparatus of cinema, asking what is unique to cinema, how it constrains and enables filmmakers and audiences in particular ways that other media do not. This question has rarely been considered in relation to scientific film, and here it is posed within the specific context of cell biology: What does the use of time-based media such as film coupled with the microscope allow scientists to experience that other visualization practices do not? Examining three episodes in the twentieth-century study of the cell, this article argues that the apparatus of microcinematography constitutes what might be thought of as a technical portal to another world, a door that determines the experience of the world that lies on the other side of it. In this case, the design of apparatuses to capture time-lapsed images enabled the acceleration of cellular time, bringing it into the realm of human perception and experience. Further, the experience of the cellular temporal world was part of a distinct kind of cell biology, one that was focused on behavior rather than structure, focused on the relation between cells, and between the cell and its milieu rather than on cell-intrinsic features such as chromosomes or organelles. As such, the instruments and technical design of the microcinematographic apparatus may be understood as a kind of materialized epistemology, the history of which can elucidate how cinema was and is used to produce scientific knowledge.


IEE Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
D.A. Gorham

1997 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Borys Lobovyk

An important problem of religious studies, the history of religion as a branch of knowledge is the periodization process of the development of religious phenomenon. It is precisely here, as in focus, that the question of the essence and meaning of the religious development of the human being of the world, the origin of beliefs and cult, the reasons for the changes in them, the place and role of religion in the social and spiritual process, etc., are converging.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-224
Author(s):  
Bilge Deniz Çatak

Filistin tarihinde yaşanan 1948 ve 1967 savaşları, binlerce Filistinlinin başka ülkelere göç etmesine neden olmuştur. Günümüzde, dünya genelinde yaşayan Filistinli mülteci sayısının beş milyonu aştığı tahmin edilmektedir. Ülkelerine geri dönemeyen Filistinlilerin mültecilik deneyimleri uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir ve köklerinden koparılma duygusu ile iç içe geçmiştir. Mersin’de bulunan Filistinlilerin zorunlu olarak çıktıkları göç yollarında yaşadıklarının ve mülteci olarak günlük hayatta karşılaştıkları zorlukların Filistinli kimlikleri üzerindeki etkisi sözlü tarih yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Farklı kuşaklardan sekiz Filistinli mülteci ile yapılan görüşmelerde, dünyanın farklı bölgelerinde mülteci olarak yaşama deneyiminin, Filistinlilerin ulusal bağlılıklarına zarar vermediği görülmüştür. Filistin, mültecilerin yaşamlarında gelenekler, değerler ve duygusal bağlar ile devam etmektedir. Mültecilerin Filistin’den ayrılırken yanlarına aldıkları anahtar, tapu ve toprak gibi nesnelerin saklanıyor olması, Filistin’e olan bağlılığın devam ettiğinin işaretlerinden biridir.ABSTRACT IN ENGLISHPalestinian refugees’ lives in MersinIn the history of Palestine, 1948 and 1967 wars have caused fleeing of thousands of Palestinians to other countries. At the present time, its estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees worldwide exceeds five million. The refugee experience of Palestinians who can not return their homeland has a long history and intertwine with feeling of deracination. Oral history interviews were conducted on the effects of the displacement and struggles of daily life as a refugee on the identity of Palestinians who have been living in Mersin (city of Turkey). After interviews were conducted with eight refugees from different generations concluded that being a refugee in the various parts of the world have not destroyed the national entity of the Palestinians. Palestine has preserved in refugees’ life with its traditions, its values, and its emotional bonds. Keeping keys, deeds and soil which they took with them when they departed from Palestine, proving their belonging to Palestine.


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