Adipocytes ESR1 Expression, Body Fat and Response to Testosterone Therapy in Hypogonadal Men Vary According to Estradiol Levels

Estradiol (E2), mainly produced from Testosterone (T) in men, promotes visceral lipolysis. However, high visceral fat and hyperestrogenemia are features of obese hypogonadal (HG) men. Our study objectives are to evaluate relationships between circulating E2 and: (1) fat mass; (2) Estrogen Receptor α (ESR1) expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue; (3) changes in body fat after 6 months (M) of T therapy in HG men. Hypotheses: (1) existence of a range of circulating E2 associated with better body composition; (2) serum E2 determines tissue E2 sensitivity which affects response to T therapy. Men 40–74 years old, T < 300 (ng/dL), given T-cypionate for 6 months. Subjects were divided into 4-E2 categories: (1) <10.0; (2) 10.0–15.9; (3) 16.0–19.9; (4) ≥20.0 (pg/mL). Body composition (DXA), fat biopsies (liposuction), gene expression (qPCR), serum E2 and T (LC/MS), at baseline and 6 months. We enrolled 105 men; 90 completed the study. Group 2 had lower total and truncal fat mass (p < 0.01) but higher % lean mass (p < 0.001). ESR1 mRNA was the highest in group 1 (p = 0.01). At 6 months, group 1 had higher reduction in total (p = 0.03) and truncal (p = 0.01) fat. In conclusion, serum E2 = 10–15.9 (pg/mL) is associated with the best body composition profile in HG men; however, those with E2 < 10 (pg/mL) had the best response (greater fat loss) to T replacement possibly because of greater E2 sensitivity.

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Beziehung zwischen mittels Dualenergie-Röntgenabsorptiometrie bestimmter Körperzusammensetzung und Fruchtbarkeit von Jungsauen

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-49-561-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (6) ◽

pp. 561-574

Author(s):

H. Hoffschulte ◽

A. M. Scholz

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Litter Size ◽

Body Fat ◽

Performance Test ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Fat Content ◽

X Ray ◽

Body Fat Content ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract. Title of the paper: Relationship between body composition measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and reproduction performance in gilts This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between body composition and reproduction traits in gilts. A number of 176 gilts of different genotypes were categorized in three different groups. Group 0 consists of gilts that were disqualified for breeding according performance test results or showed no occurrence of oestrus. Group 1 consists of all gilts, which farrowed after an artificially insemination. Group 2 was composed of gilts that were artificially inseminated but did not give birth to a litter. Body composition was determined in vivo using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at a live weight of about 90 kg. Initial reproduction data from group 1 were also evaluated. Results of the performance test showed considerable variation among the different groups. Group 1 was significantly heavier and the daily gain was significantly higher than in group 0. However, results of breeding index and value were clearly below the results of the other two groups. The body fat content was significantly higher in gilts with a litter (>1.65 absolutely) than in gilts without a litter (group 2) and in disqualified gilts (group 0). Group 2 gilts showed the smallest body fat mass. However, the relation between DXA fat percentage and litter size for group 1 showed in tendency that the litter size might decrease with an increasing fat content of gilts. Therefore, an optimum body fat content for conventional breeding gilts of European or American origin needs to be determined for a maximum fertility.

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Effect of an Estrogen Receptor-α Intron 4 Polymorphism on Fat Mass in 11-Year-Old Children

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2006-2447 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 2286-2291 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. H. Tobias ◽

C. D. Steer ◽

C. Vilariňo-Güell ◽

M. A. Brown

Keyword(s):

Estrogen Receptor ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Genetic Effect ◽

Estrogen Receptor Α ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total Body Fat ◽

Total Body

Abstract Context: Polymorphisms in the ESR1 gene encoding estrogen receptor (ER)-α may be associated with fat mass in adults. Objectives: The objective of the study was to establish whether ESR1 polymorphisms influence fat mass in childhood. Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis after genotyping of rs9340799, rs2234693, and rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphisms. Setting: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) was a population-based prospective study. Participants: Participants included 3097 11-yr-old children with results for ESR1 genotyping, puberty measures, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry results. Outcomes: Relationships between ESR1 polymorphisms and indices of body composition were measured. Results: The rs7757956 polymorphism was associated with fat mass (P = 0.002). Total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was reduced by 6% in children with TA/AA genotypes, and risk of being overweight (≥85th centile of fat mass) was decreased by 20%. This genetic effect appeared to interact with puberty in girls (P = 0.05 for interaction): in those with the TT genotype, total body fat mass (adjusted for height) was 18% higher in Tanner stages 3–5 vs. stages 1–2; the equivalent difference was 7% in those with TA/AA genotypes. Furthermore, the risk of being overweight was 36% lower in girls with TA/AA genotypes in Tanner stages 3–5, but no reduction was seen in those in stages 1–2. Neither rs9340799 nor rs2234693 polymorphisms were associated with body composition measures. Conclusions: Fat mass in 11-yr-old children was related to the rs7757956 ESR1 polymorphism. This association was strongest in girls in more advanced puberty, in whom the risk of being overweight was reduced by 36% in those with the TA/AA genotype.

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The Effect of a Mixed Circuit of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Body Composition in Older Adults—Retrospective Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115608 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5608

Author(s):

Anna Pieczyńska ◽

Ewa Zasadzka ◽

Tomasz Trzmiel ◽

Małgorzata Pyda ◽

Mariola Pawlaczyk

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Body Composition ◽

Older People ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Aerobic Training ◽

The Body ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Ageing is inevitably associated with body composition changes, such as loss of muscle mass, increase in the total fat mass, and unfavorable reduction of subcutaneous fat. Physical activity exerts significant effects on the body composition. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two different weekly doses of resistance-aerobic training on the body composition in older people. The study consisted in a retrospective data analysis of fitness club members aged ≥60. The trainees participated in resistance-aerobic training sessions two or three times/week for a minimum of two months. A body composition analysis was performed before and after the training sessions. Group 1 (36 subjects) and Group 2 (28 subjects) had two and three training sessions/week, respectively. A higher skeletal muscle mass was found in Group 1 and lower waist-hip-ratio indices were observed in Group 2. No statistically significant differences were found in the body mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, total body water, lean mass, body mass index, visceral fat area between both groups. The number of training session/week proved to be statistically insignificant for all investigated variables. Resistance-aerobic training with two sessions/week may be as effective in maintaining proper body composition in older people as the same training at the dose of three sessions/week.

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Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114521001550 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽

Atieh Mirzababaei ◽

Sajjad Moradi ◽

Elnaz Daneshzad ◽

Atefeh Tavakoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Whey Protein ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Soy Protein ◽

Protein Supplementation ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

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Obstructive sleep apnea and CPAP therapy alter distinct transcriptional programs in subcutaneous fat tissue

SLEEP ◽

10.1093/sleep/zsz314 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sina A Gharib ◽

Amanda L Hurley ◽

Michael J Rosen ◽

James C Spilsbury ◽

Amy E Schell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Sleep Apnea ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Study Group ◽

Cpap Therapy ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Group 2 ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose ◽

Group 1

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been linked to dysregulated metabolic states, and treatment of sleep apnea may improve these conditions. Subcutaneous adipose tissue is a readily samplable fat depot that plays an important role in regulating metabolism. However, neither the pathophysiologic consequences of OSA nor the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in altering this compartment’s molecular pathways are understood. This study aimed to systematically identify subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptional programs modulated in OSA and in response to its effective treatment with CPAP. Two subject groups were investigated: Study Group 1 was comprised of 10 OSA and 8 controls; Study Group 2 included 24 individuals with OSA studied at baseline and following CPAP. For each subject, genome-wide gene expression measurement of subcutaneous fat was performed. Differentially activated pathways elicited by OSA (Group 1) and in response to its treatment (Group 2) were determined using network and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). In Group 2, treatment of OSA with CPAP improved apnea-hypopnea index, daytime sleepiness, and blood pressure, but not anthropometric measures. In Group 1, GSEA revealed many up-regulated gene sets in OSA subjects, most of which were involved in immuno-inflammatory (e.g. interferon-γ signaling), transcription, and metabolic processes such as adipogenesis. Unexpectedly, CPAP therapy in Group 2 subjects was also associated with up-regulation of several immune pathways as well as cholesterol biosynthesis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that OSA alters distinct inflammatory and metabolic programs in subcutaneous fat, but these transcriptional signatures are not reversed with short-term effective therapy.

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Uric acid is associated with adiposity factors, especially with fat mass reduction during weight loss in obese children and adolescents

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-020-00500-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang Niu ◽

Xue-lin Zhao ◽

Hui-juan Ruan ◽

Xiao-meng Mao ◽

Qing-ya Tang

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Dietary Control ◽

Obese Children ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Before And After

Abstract Background Current adult studies suggest that uric acid (UA) is associated with body fat, but the relationship in obese children is unclear. Thus, we aim to evaluate the association between uric acid and body composition of obese children. Methods A total of 79 obese children were included in this study, and 52 children (34 boys and 18 girls) underwent a 6-week weight loss camp, including 34 boys and 18 girls. Six-week weight-loss interventions were performed on all participants through aerobic exercise and appropriate dietary control. Laboratory tests and body composition were collected before and after the intervention. Results Before the intervention, correlation analysis demonstrated that uric acid was positively correlated with height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass (FM), and free fat mass (FFM) with adjusting for age and gender (P < 0.05). After 6 weeks of intervention, the participants gained 3.12 ± 0.85 cm in height, body fat percentage decreased by 7.23 ± 1.97%, and lost 10.30 ± 2.83 kg in weight. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that uric acid at baseline was associated with FM reduction during weight loss (P < 0.05). Conclusions This study is the first report that uric acid is associated with BMI and FM, and may play an important role in the reduction of FM during weight loss in obese children and adolescents. The interaction between UA and adiposity factors and its underlying mechanisms need to be further explored. Trial registration This study was registered in Clinical Trials.gov (NCT03490448) and approved by the Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine.

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Endocrine markers of semistarvation in healthy lean men in a multistressor environment

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.2000.88.5.1820 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 88 (5) ◽

pp. 1820-1830 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

Karl E. Friedl ◽

Robert J. Moore ◽

Reed W. Hoyt ◽

Louis J. Marchitelli ◽

Lester E. Martinez-Lopez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Fat ◽

Specific Binding ◽

Thermal Strain ◽

Young Male ◽

Gonadal Hormone ◽

Us Army ◽

Igf I ◽

Elevated Cholesterol ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

We tested the hypothesis that key endocrine responses to semistarvation would be attenuated by changing only the food intake in a multistressor environment that also included sustained workload, inadequate sleep, and thermal strain. Serum hormones were compared within and between two groups of healthy young male volunteers participating in the 8-wk US Army Ranger course, with four repeated cycles of restricted energy intakes and refeeding: group 1 ( n = 49) and group 2 ( n = 48); energy deficits averaged 1,200 and 1,000 kcal/day, respectively. After 8 wk, most of group 1 achieved a minimum body fat, serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) was below normal (78 ± 20 ng/dl), testosterone (T) approached castrate levels (4.5 ± 3.9 nmol/l), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) declined by one-half (75 ± 25 μg/l), and cholesterol rose from 158 ± 31 to 217 ± 39 mg/dl. Bioavailable T3 and T were further reduced by increases in their specific binding proteins in response to declining insulin. Refeeding, even with continuation of the other stressors, produced prompt recovery of T3, T, and IGF-I. Higher energy intakes in group 2 attenuated the subclinical hypothyroidism and hypercholesterolemia, whereas consistent luteinizing hormone suppression indicated centrally mediated threshold effects on gonadal hormone suppression. We conclude that low T, T3, and IGF-I remained reliable markers of acute energy deficits in the presence of other stressors; elevated cholesterol and cortisol provided information about chronic status, corresponding to diminishing body fat stores.

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Maternal obesity and offspring body composition by indirect methods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00159914 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (10) ◽

pp. 2073-2092 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Helen Castillo-Laura ◽

Iná S. Santos ◽

Lenice C. M. Quadros ◽

Alicia Matijasevich

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Case Control Studies ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Body Fat Percent ◽

Maternal Overweight

Abstract This study reviewed the evidence that assessed the association between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and/or gestational weight gain and offspring body composition in childhood. A systematic review was conducted. Cohort studies, case-control studies and randomized controlled trials measuring offspring body composition by indirect methods were included. Meta-analyses of the effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on offspring fat-free mass, body fat percent, and fat mass were conducted through random-effects models. 20 studies were included, most of which reported a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI with offspring body fat. Standardized mean differences in body fat percent, fat mass and fat-free mass between infants of women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI and those of overweight/obese women were 0.31 percent points (95%CI: 0.19; 0.42), 0.38kg (95%CI: 0.26; 0.50), and 0.18kg (95%CI: -0.07; 0.42), respectively. Evidence so far suggests that pre-pregnancy maternal overweight is associated with higher offspring adiposity.

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Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports6030085 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 85 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jennifer Fields ◽

Justin Merrigan ◽

Jason White ◽

Margaret Jones

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Ncaa Division I ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Strength And Conditioning ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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The target matters – general vs. individualized exercise prescription for fertile-aged women with metabolic risk: a randomized controlled trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-18844/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Maritta K Poyhonen-Alho ◽

Vesa Hyrylä ◽

Mika P. Tarvainen ◽

Heikki O. Tikkanen ◽

Saila Koivusalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Individualized Intervention ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background Little is known about the associations of different depths of individualization of the exercise intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), metabolic outcomes and cardiac autonomic regulation in at-risk subjects. This randomized trial compared the effect of general physical activity (PA) guideline -targeted and highly individualized exercise intervention on maximal oxygen uptake, heart rate variability, body composition, and glucose and lipid profiles in fertile-aged women with increased risk for gestational diabetes. Methods Forty-five women with previous gestational diabetes or BMI>30kg/m 2 were randomized into general advice without intervention (Group 1), individualized intervention planned according to PA questionnaires and general guidelines for exercise training (Group 2) and highly individualized intervention based on results from the pre-intervention cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) groups (Group 3). All subjects performed pre-intervention CPET on a cycle ergometer with step incremental protocol until volitional fatigue, followed by a 3-month intervention period and post-intervention CPET. Examinations included HRV assessment during CPET and body composition (bioimpedance), blood glucose and lipid profiles. Results Total dropout was 53.8% at various points of the study leaving 8 subjects in Group 1, 12 subjects in Group 2 and 10 subjects in Group 3. CRF improved only in Group 3 (+1.9 ml/kg/min, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.5). This was associated with an increase in high-density lipoprotein (0.18 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.32) and increased HRV. In Group 2, we found a decrease in body mass index (-0.7 kg/m 2, 95% CI -1.3 to -0.1), fasting insulin (-4.14 mU/L, 95% CI -6.58 to -1.70), insulin resistance (-1.21, 95% CI -1.88 to -0.54), and low-density lipoprotein (-0.44 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.79 to -0.09). The dropouts in Group 1 had significantly less weight, smaller waist circumference, less visceral fat, and higher maximal oxygen uptake compared to the continuers in Group 1. Conclusions To improve CRF and cardiac autonomic function the exercise intervention should be highly individualized. PA intervention focused to achieve general exercise guidelines is not enough to improve CRF over 3-month period but combined with weight loss has beneficial effects on the metabolic profile. In randomized controlled trials, dropout may be biased. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01675271)

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