Timing of Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Risk

(1) Background: Eating is fundamental to survival. Animals choose when to eat depending on food availability. The timing of eating can synchronize different organs and tissues that are related to food digestion, absorption, or metabolism, such as the stomach, gut, liver, pancreas, or adipose tissue. Studies performed in experimental animal models suggest that food intake is a major external synchronizer of peripheral clocks. Therefore, the timing of eating may be decisive in fat accumulation and mobilization and affect the effectiveness of weight loss treatments. (2) Results: We will review multiple studies about the timing of the three main meals of the day, breakfast, lunch and dinner, and its potential impact on metabolism, glucose tolerance, and obesity-related factors. We will also delve into several mechanisms that may be implicated in the obesogenic effect of eating late. Conclusion: Unusual eating time can produce a disruption in the circadian system that might lead to unhealthy consequences.

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Circadian molecular clocks tick along ontogenesis

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.931458 ◽

2008 ◽

pp. S139-S148

Author(s):

A Sumová ◽

Z Bendová ◽

M Sládek ◽

R El-Hennamy ◽

K Matějů ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Current Model ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Postnatal Period ◽

Circadian System ◽

Molecular Clocks ◽

Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽

Intercellular Coupling ◽

Peripheral Clocks ◽

Complete Set ◽

Formal Properties

The circadian system controls the timing of behavioral and physiological functions in most organisms studied. The review addresses the question of when and how the molecular clockwork underlying circadian oscillations within the central circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SCN) and the peripheral circadian clocks develops during ontogenesis. The current model of the molecular clockwork is summarized. The central SCN clock is viewed as a complex structure composed of a web of mutually synchronized individual oscillators. The importance of development of both the intracellular molecular clockwork as well as intercellular coupling for development of the formal properties of the circadian SCN clock is also highlighted. Recently, data has accumulated to demonstrate that synchronized molecular oscillations in the central and peripheral clocks develop gradually during ontogenesis and development extends into postnatal period. Synchronized molecular oscillations develop earlier in the SCN than in the peripheral clocks. A hypothesis is suggested that the immature clocks might be first driven by external entraining cues, and therefore, serve as "slave" oscillators. During ontogenesis, the clocks may gradually develop a complete set of molecular interlocked oscillations, i.e., the molecular clockwork, and become self-sustained clocks.

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Regulation of Melanopsins andPer1byα-MSH and Melatonin in PhotosensitiveXenopus laevisMelanophores

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/654710 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Maria Nathália de Carvalho Magalhães Moraes ◽

Luciane Rogéria dos Santos ◽

Nathana Mezzalira ◽

Maristela Oliveira Poletini ◽

Ana Maria de Lauro Castrucci

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Clock Genes ◽

Circadian System ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Intracellular Signaling Pathways ◽

Peripheral Clocks ◽

Internal Signal

α-MSH and light exert a dispersing effect on pigment granules ofXenopus laevismelanophores; however, the intracellular signaling pathways are different. Melatonin, a hormone that functions as an internal signal of darkness for the organism, has opposite effects, aggregating the melanin granules. Because light functions as an important synchronizing signal for circadian rhythms, we further investigated the effects of both hormones on genes related to the circadian system, namely,Per1(one of the clock genes) and the melanopsins,Opn4xandOpn4m(photopigments).Per1showed temporal oscillations, regardless of the presence of melatonin orα-MSH, which slightly inhibited its expression. Melatonin effects on melanopsins depend on the time of application: if applied in the photophase it dramatically decreasedOpn4xandOpn4mexpressions, and abolished their temporal oscillations, opposite toα-MSH, which increased the melanopsins’ expressions. Our results demonstrate that unlike what has been reported for other peripheral clocks and cultured cells, medium changes or hormones do not play a major role in synchronizing theXenopusmelanophore population. This difference is probably due to the fact thatX. laevismelanophores possess functional photopigments (melanopsins) that enable these cells to primarily respond to light, which triggers melanin dispersion and modulates gene expression.

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Discursive constructions of teacher in an educational technology journal

Australasian Journal of Educational Technology ◽

10.14742/ajet.2787 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Jenny McDonald ◽

Swee-Kin Loke

Keyword(s):

Educational Technology ◽

Technology Integration ◽

Technology Use ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Related Factors ◽

Technology Journal ◽

Integration Of Technology ◽

Significant Area ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Discursive Constructions

The integration of technology with teaching and learning is a significant area of research in the educational technology field. Teachers play an instrumental role in technology integration and many teacher-related factors have been identified that predict technology use and integration in educational settings. How teachers are represented in the educational technology literature (e.g., as caring, didactic, or lazy) can potentially impact on how technology integration takes place. However, there is little research that specifically explores teacher representations. This paper seeks to address this gap and examines the discursive constructions of teacher in 846 papers from the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology (AJET). Using a corpus-based analysis, the multiple representations of teacher in AJET were investigated. The analyses revealed two mainstream representations of teacher: teachers are people on whom researchers impose obligations; and ‘teacherliness’ is old and negative. This paper concludes with a discussion of the potential impact of such representations on technology integration and suggestions of more useful representations of teachers and their teaching.

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Potential welfare issues of the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) at the retailer and in the hobbyist aquarium

Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift ◽

10.21825/vdt.v86i4.16182 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 213-223

Author(s):

C. C. F. Pleeging ◽

C. P. H. Moons

Keyword(s):

Environmental Enrichment ◽

Ornamental Fish ◽

Betta Splendens ◽

Behavioral Repertoire ◽

Visual Contact ◽

Related Factors ◽

Physiological Indicators ◽

In Captivity ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Mycobacterium Spp

Betta splendens is an extremely popular ornamental fish among hobby aquarists. It has an interesting behavioral repertoire, particularly where male aggression and territoriality are concerned. The lack of scientific studies investigating optimal housing conditions in combination with the wide variety of commercially available husbandry products, raises questions about the welfare status of these fish in captivity. In this article, an overview of the available literature on the biology of the betta and general considerations of ornamental fish keeping is given, and environment- and animal-related factors with potential impact on the welfare of Betta splendens are examined. Although more research using biological and physiological indicators is needed, the following factors constituting welfare problems have been identified: an aquarium of limited dimensions, prevalence of Mycobacterium spp. infection, aggression to and from conspecifics or other species in the same aquarium and the limited ability to escape, potential for stress due to prolonged visual contact between males in shops and during shows, and the lack of environmental enrichment in the form of sheltering vegetation.

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Success Factors in Public Calls for Project Proposals

39th International Conference on Organizational Science Development ◽

10.18690/978-961-286-388-3.53 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Blaž Rodič ◽

Jerneja Šavrič

Keyword(s):

Project Management ◽

Human Resources ◽

Success Factors ◽

Development Project ◽

Sociological Research ◽

Company Performance ◽

Technology Support ◽

Related Factors ◽

Multicriteria Model ◽

Potential Impact

This contribution presents the outcomes of a research focused on the influence of project management software usage on a company’s success in public calls for research and development project proposals. Research involved gathering the data on company participation in public calls, quantitative analysis to identify the sample of companies most successful at public R&D calls, and qualitative analysis of interviewed companies. Information technology support related factors were identified as well as the factors related to human resources. A novel multicriteria model for evaluation of company performance in public calls for projects was developed. The results of presented research are applicable in the theory of project management, sociological research on interplay of IT and society and have a potential impact in the design and management of public calls for project proposals and the approach to public calls for project proposals in companies.

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Practical Importance of Spatial Resolution and Analytical Sensitivity in AEM X-ray Microanalysis

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100135769 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 432-433

Author(s):

J. Zhang ◽

D.B. Williams ◽

J.I. Goldstein

Keyword(s):

Spatial Resolution ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Beam Current ◽

Specimen Thickness ◽

Analytical Sensitivity ◽

Related Factors ◽

X Ray ◽

Probe Size ◽

Excitation Volume ◽

Two Parameters

Analytical sensitivity and spatial resolution are important and closely related factors in x-ray microanalysis using the AEM. Analytical sensitivity is the ability to distinguish, for a given element under given conditions, between two concentrations that are nearly equal. The analytical sensitivity is directly related to the number of x-ray counts collected and, therefore, to the probe current, specimen thickness and counting time. The spatial resolution in AEM analysis is determined by the probe size and beam broadening in the specimen. A finer probe and a thinner specimen give a higher spatial resolution. However, the resulting lower beam current and smaller X-ray excitation volume degrade analytical sensitivity. A compromise must be made between high spatial resolution and an acceptable analytical sensitivity. In this paper, we show the necessity of evaluating these two parameters in order to determine the low temperature Fe-Ni phase diagram.A Phillips EM400T AEM with an EDAX/TN2000 EDS/MCA system and a VG HB501 FEG STEM with a LINK AN10 EDS/MCA system were used.

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Effects of Gender, Parental Role, and Time on Infant- and Adult-Directed Read and Spontaneous Speech

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-19-0047 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (11) ◽

pp. 4001-4014

Author(s):

Melanie Weirich ◽

Adrian Simpson

Keyword(s):

Parental Involvement ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Spontaneous Speech ◽

First Year ◽

Space Size ◽

Vowel Space ◽

Potential Impact ◽

Phonetic Features ◽

And Gender ◽

Description Task

Purpose The study sets out to investigate inter- and intraspeaker variation in German infant-directed speech (IDS) and considers the potential impact that the factors gender, parental involvement, and speech material (read vs. spontaneous speech) may have. In addition, we analyze data from 3 time points prior to and after the birth of the child to examine potential changes in the features of IDS and, particularly also, of adult-directed speech (ADS). Here, the gender identity of a speaker is considered as an additional factor. Method IDS and ADS data from 34 participants (15 mothers, 19 fathers) is gathered by means of a reading and a picture description task. For IDS, 2 recordings were made when the baby was approximately 6 and 9 months old, respectively. For ADS, an additional recording was made before the baby was born. Phonetic analyses comprise mean fundamental frequency (f0), variation in f0, the 1st 2 formants measured in /i: ɛ a u:/, and the vowel space size. Moreover, social and behavioral data were gathered regarding parental involvement and gender identity. Results German IDS is characterized by an increase in mean f0, a larger variation in f0, vowel- and formant-specific differences, and a larger acoustic vowel space. No effect of gender or parental involvement was found. Also, the phonetic features of IDS were found in both spontaneous and read speech. Regarding ADS, changes in vowel space size in some of the fathers and in mean f0 in mothers were found. Conclusion Phonetic features of German IDS are robust with respect to the factors gender, parental involvement, speech material (read vs. spontaneous speech), and time. Some phonetic features of ADS changed within the child's first year depending on gender and parental involvement/gender identity. Thus, further research on IDS needs to address also potential changes in ADS.

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Exploring the Potential Impact of Sentence-Level Comprehension and Sentence-Level Fluency on Deaf Students' Passage Comprehension

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00205 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 63 (7) ◽

pp. 2281-2292

Author(s):

Ying Zhao ◽

Xinchun Wu ◽

Hongjun Chen ◽

Peng Sun ◽

Ruibo Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Independent Predictor ◽

Vocabulary Knowledge ◽

Group Differences ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Deaf Students ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Sentence Level ◽

Mediating Mechanisms ◽

Potential Impact ◽

The Relationship

Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential impact of sentence-level comprehension and sentence-level fluency on passage comprehension of deaf students in elementary school. Method A total of 159 deaf students, 65 students ( M age = 13.46 years) in Grades 3 and 4 and 94 students ( M age = 14.95 years) in Grades 5 and 6, were assessed for nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, sentence-level comprehension, sentence-level fluency, and passage comprehension. Group differences were examined using t tests, whereas the predictive and mediating mechanisms were examined using regression modeling. Results The regression analyses showed that the effect of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension was not significant, whereas sentence-level fluency was an independent predictor in Grades 3–4. Sentence-level comprehension and fluency contributed significant variance to passage comprehension in Grades 5–6. Sentence-level fluency fully mediated the influence of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension in Grades 3–4, playing a partial mediating role in Grades 5–6. Conclusions The relative contributions of sentence-level comprehension and fluency to deaf students' passage comprehension varied, and sentence-level fluency mediated the relationship between sentence-level comprehension and passage comprehension.

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Voice Therapy With Seniors: Attendance, Outcomes, and Associated Patient Characteristics

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2019_pers-sig3-2019-0004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 814-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bonnie E. Smith ◽

Ruth Huntley Bahr ◽

Hector N. Hernandez

Keyword(s):

Outcome Data ◽

Voice Therapy ◽

Similar Data ◽

Success Rates ◽

Reflux Symptom Index ◽

Voice Change ◽

Related Factors ◽

Symptom Index ◽

Younger Patients ◽

Unsuccessful Treatment

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the attendance and success rates for seniors in voice therapy, identify any contributing patient-related factors, and compare results to existing findings for younger patients. Method This retrospective study included information from the voice records of 50 seniors seen by the same speech-language pathologist in a private practice. Analysis of attendance and outcome data divided participants into 6 groups. Outcomes for Groups 1–3 (64% of patients) were considered successful (positive voice change), while outcomes for Groups 4–6 (36% of patients) were considered unsuccessful. These data were compared to similar data collected for younger adults in a previous study. Results The attendance and success rates for seniors in this study were higher than those previously reported for younger patients. Further consideration of patient factors revealed that reports of increased stress, Reflux Symptom Index scores > 13, and higher Voice Handicap Index functional subscale scores were significant in distinguishing between patients in the successful and unsuccessful treatment outcome groups. Conclusions The relatively high attendance and success rates among this sample of seniors suggest the desire to achieve voice improvement does not diminish with age, and chances for success in voice therapy among nonfrail seniors may be greater than for younger patients.

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