Changes in Faecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids after Weight-Loss Interventions in Subjects with Morbid Obesity

The gut microbiota and their metabolites, e.g., short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are associated with obesity. The primary aims were to study faecal SCFA levels and the changes in SCFA levels after weight-loss interventions in subjects with obesity, and secondarily, to study factors associated with the faecal SCFA levels. In total, 90 subjects (men / women: 15/75) with a mean age of 44.4 (SD 8.4) years, BMI 41.7 (SD 3.7) kg/m2 and morbid obesity (BMI > 40 or > 35 kg/m2 with obesity-related complications) were included. Faecal SCFA and other variables were measured at inclusion and after a six-month conservative weight-loss intervention followed by bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or gastric sleeve). Six months after surgery, the total amount of SCFA was reduced, the total and relative amounts of the main straight SCFA (acetic-, propionic-, and butyric- acids) were reduced, and the total and relative amounts of branched SCFA (isobutyric-, isovaleric-, and isocaproic- acids) were increased. The changes indicate a shift toward a proteolytic fermentation pattern with unfavorable health effects. The amount of SCFA was associated with the diet but not with metabolic markers or makers of the faecal microbiota composition. Dietary interventions could counteract the unfavorable effects.

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Analyses of short-chain fatty acids and exhaled breath volatiles in dietary intervention trials for metabolic diseases

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1177/1535370220979952 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 153537022097995

Author(s):

Jisun HJ Lee ◽

Jiangjiang Zhu

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Profile Analysis ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Metabolic Conditions ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

As an alternative to pharmacological treatment to diseases, lifestyle interventions, such as dietary changes and physical activities, can help maintain healthy metabolic conditions. Recently, the emerging analyses of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from plasma/feces have been considered as useful tools for the diagnosis and mechanistic understanding of metabolic diseases. Furthermore, diet-induced changes of SCFAs in individuals with diagnosed metabolic abnormalities have been correlated with the composition changes of the gut microbiome. More interestingly, the analysis of exhaled breath (breathomics) has gained attention as a useful technique to measure the human VOC profile altered as a result of dietary interventions. In this mini-review, we examined recent clinical trials that performed promising dietary interventions, SCFAs analysis in plasma/feces, and VOC profile analysis in exhaling breath to understand the relationship between dietary intervention and metabolic health.

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The clearance rate of rumen liquid and rumen fermentation pattern in sheep receiving forage diets

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600053922 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 683-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

P. C. Thomas ◽

J. C. Hodgson

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Clearance Rate ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Short Chain ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Intravenous Injections ◽

Fermentation Pattern ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out to study the composition of the mixture of rumen short-chain fatty acids and the clearance rate of the rumen liquid phase in sheep given diets of dried grass, high-nitrogen hay, low-nitrogen hay and barley straw. Differences between diets in clearance rate were not significant (P > 0·05) and differences between diets in the composition of the mixture of rumen acids were small. There were substantial variations in clearance rate between individual sheep but this was not associated with variations in the pattern of fermentation and the correlation between the proportion of propionic acid and the clearance rate in the rumen was low (r = –0·23).In a second experiment sheep receiving a moderate-quality hay were given intravenous injections of atropine sulphate which resulted in significant increases in rumen volume (P < 0·01) and significant reductions in ruminal clearance rate (P < 0·05). These were accompanied by significant increases in the numbers of protozoa (P < 0·05) and bacteria (P < 0·05) in the rumen but the composition of the mixture of rumen short-chain fatty acids was unchanged.It is concluded that there is little possibility through alteration of ruminal clearance rate, for manipulation of rumen fermentation pattern in sheep receiving diets of moderate- or poor-quality forages.

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Dynamics of Human Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Response to Dietary Interventions with Three Fermentable Fibers

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02566-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. e02566-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 113

Author(s):

Nielson T. Baxter ◽

Alexander W. Schmidt ◽

Arvind Venkataraman ◽

Kwi S. Kim ◽

Clive Waldron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Content Type ◽

Optimal Health ◽

Butyrate Production ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

ABSTRACT Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, in the gut microbiome is required for optimal health but is frequently limited by the lack of fermentable fiber in the diet. We attempted to increase butyrate production by supplementing the diets of 174 healthy young adults for 2 weeks with resistant starch from potatoes (RPS), resistant starch from maize (RMS), inulin from chicory root, or an accessible corn starch control. RPS resulted in the greatest increase in total SCFAs, including butyrate. Although the majority of microbiomes responded to RPS with increases in the relative abundance of bifidobacteria, those that responded with an increase in Ruminococcus bromii or Clostridium chartatabidum were more likely to yield higher butyrate concentrations, especially when their microbiota were replete with populations of the butyrate-producing species Eubacterium rectale. RMS and inulin induced different changes in fecal communities, but they did not generate significant increases in fecal butyrate levels. IMPORTANCE These results reveal that not all fermentable fibers are equally capable of stimulating SCFA production, and they highlight the importance of the composition of an individual’s microbiota in determining whether or not they respond to a specific dietary supplement. In particular, R. bromii or C. chartatabidum may be required for enhanced butyrate production in response to RS. Bifidobacteria, though proficient at degrading RS and inulin, may not contribute to the butyrogenic effect of those fermentable fibers in the short term.

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Histone Deacetylase Inhibition and Dietary Short-Chain Fatty Acids

ISRN Allergy ◽

10.5402/2011/869647 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Paul V. Licciardi ◽

Katherine Ververis ◽

Tom C. Karagiannis

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Histone Deacetylase ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Short Chain ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Important Relationship ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Changes in diet can also have dramatic effects on the composition of gut microbiota. Commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract are critical regulators of health and disease by protecting against pathogen encounter whilst also maintaining immune tolerance to certain allergens. Moreover, consumption of fibre and vegetables typical of a non-Western diet generates substantial quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which have potent anti-inflammatory properties. Dietary interventions such as probiotic supplementation have been investigated for their pleiotropic effects on microbiota composition and immune function. Probiotics may restore intestinal dysbiosis and improve clinical disease through elevated SCFA levels in the intestine. Although the precise mechanisms by which such dietary factors mediate these effects, SCFA metabolites such as butyrate also function as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), that can act on the epigenome through chromatin remodeling changes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of HDAC enzymes and to discuss the biological effects of HDACi. Further, we discuss the important relationship between diet and the balance between health and disease and how novel dietary interventions such as probiotics could be alternative approach for the prevention and/or treatment of chronic inflammatory disease through modulation of the intestinal microbiome.

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Exploring the relationship between gut microbiota and exercise: short-chain fatty acids and their role in metabolism

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000930 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. e000930

Author(s):

Ryan A Carey ◽

Doreen Montag

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Endurance Performance ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Future Research ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Second Messenger Pathways ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

The human body is host to a multitude of bacteria, fungi, viruses and other species in the intestine, collectively known as the microbiota. Dietary carbohydrates which bypass digestion and absorption are broken down and fermented by the microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Previous research has established the role of SCFAs in the control of human metabolic pathways. In this review, we evaluate SCFAs as a metabolic regulator and how they might improve endurance performance in athletes. By looking at research conducted in animal models, we identify several pathways downstream of SCFAs, either directly modulating metabolic pathways through second messenger pathways or through neuronal pathways, that contribute to energy utilisation. These pathways contribute to efficient energy metabolism and are thus key to maximising substrate utilisation in endurance exercise. Future research may prove the usefulness of targeted dietary interventions allowing athletes to maximise their performance in competition.

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Dynamics of human gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in response to dietary interventions with three fermentable fibers

10.1101/487900 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Mitchell Schmidt ◽

Nielson T Baxter ◽

Clive Waldron ◽

Schmidt W. Alexander ◽

Arvind Venkataraman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Resistant Starch ◽

Corn Starch ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Human Gut ◽

Optimal Health ◽

Butyrate Production ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), especially butyrate, in the gut microbiome is required for optimal health but is frequently limited by the lack of fermentable fiber in the diet. We attempted to increase butyrate production by supplementing the diets of 174 healthy young adults for two weeks with resistant starch from potatoes (RPS), resistant starch from maize (RMS), inulin from chicory root, or an accessible corn starch control. RPS resulted in the greatest increase in total SCFAs, including butyrate. Although the majority of microbiomes responded to RPS with increases in the relative abundance of bifidobacteria, those that responded with an increase in Ruminococcus bromii or Clostridium chartatabidum were more likely to yield higher butyrate concentrations, especially when their microbiota were replete with populations of the butyrate-producing species Eubacterium rectale. RMS and inulin induced different changes in fecal communities, but they did not generate significant increases in fecal butyrate levels.

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The Human Microbiome in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Double-Edged Sword

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.790783 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Eman Wehedy ◽

Ibrahim F. Shatat ◽

Souhaila Al Khodor

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Short Chain ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

High Fiber ◽

Kidney Functions ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing global health burden. Current treatments for CKD include therapeutics to target factors that contribute to CKD progression, including renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors, and drugs to control blood pressure and proteinuria control. Recently, associations between chronic disease processes and the human microbiota and its metabolites have been demonstrated. Dysbiosis—a change in the microbial diversity—has been observed in patients with CKD. The relationship between CKD and dysbiosis is bidirectional; gut-derived metabolites and toxins affect the progression of CKD, and the uremic milieu affects the microbiota. The accumulation of microbial metabolites and toxins is linked to the loss of kidney functions and increased mortality risk, yet renoprotective metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and bile acids help restore kidney functions and increase the survival rate in CKD patients. Specific dietary interventions to alter the gut microbiome could improve clinical outcomes in patients with CKD. Low-protein and high-fiber diets increase the abundance of bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids and anti-inflammatory bacteria. Fluctuations in the urinary microbiome are linked to increased susceptibility to infection and antibiotic resistance. In this review, we describe the potential role of the gut, urinary and blood microbiome in CKD pathophysiology and assess the feasibility of modulating the gut microbiota as a therapeutic tool for treating CKD.

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