scholarly journals Dietary Patterns of Breastfeeding Mothers and Human Milk Composition: Data from the Italian MEDIDIET Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1722
Author(s):  
Francesca Bravi ◽  
Matteo Di Maso ◽  
Simone R. B. M. Eussen ◽  
Carlo Agostoni ◽  
Guglielmo Salvatori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Principal Component Factor Analysis

(1) Background: Several studies have reported associations between maternal diet in terms of single foods or nutrients and human milk compounds, while the overall role of maternal diet and related dietary patterns has rarely been investigated. (2) Methods: Between 2012 and 2014, we enrolled 300 healthy Italian mothers, who exclusively breastfed their infant. During a hospital visit at 6 weeks postpartum, a sample of freshly expressed foremilk was collected and information on maternal dietary habits in the postpartum period was obtained through an interviewer-administered food frequency questionnaire. We applied principal component factor analysis to selected nutrients in order to identify maternal dietary patterns, and assessed correlations in human milk macronutrients and fatty acids across levels of dietary patterns. (3) Results: Five dietary patterns were identified, named “Vitamins, minerals and fibre”, “Proteins and fatty acids with legs”, “Fatty acids with fins”, “Fatty acids with leaves”, “Starch and vegetable proteins”. These dietary patterns were correlated with some milk components, namely fatty acids, and in particular ω-3 and its subcomponents. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that overall maternal dietary habits during breastfeeding may influence human milk composition, suggesting the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during lactation not only for the mother herself but also to provide the infant with milk containing adequate amount and quality of nutrients for a balanced nutrition.

scholarly journals Impact of Maternal Diet on Human Milk Composition Among Lactating Women in Latvia

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Līva Aumeistere ◽  
Inga Ciproviča ◽  
Dace Zavadska ◽  
Juris Andersons ◽  
Viktors Volkovs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Background and objectives: Many studies indicate that the maternal diet is an important factor affecting human milk composition. Human milk composition among lactating women in Latvia, as well as the maternal diet during lactation, has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this research was to assess dietary habits and macronutrient intake among lactating women in Latvia and to examine the effect of diet on human milk composition. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted between November 2016 and December 2017. Mature human milk samples (n = 61) along with a 72h food diary, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a questionnaire about maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from voluntary women who were recruited via an invitation published in a social media member group for nursing mothers. Fat content in human milk was determined by LVS ISO 2446:2008, protein content was determined by LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014, lactose was determined by ISO 22662:2007, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Dietary data were evaluated using the Finnish food composition database Fineli, release 19 (3 March 2018). Results: Median values for fat, protein, and lactose in mature human milk were 4.40%, 1.08%, and 6.52%, respectively. Predominant fatty acids in human milk were oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) at 34.60%, 24.00%, and 11.00% of total fatty acids, respectively. The trans elaidic acid (C18:1 n9t) level was <0.10% in all human milk samples. Significant, positive associations (p < 0.05) were found between maternal dietary intake of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, total cis-monounsaturated, total cis-polyunsaturated, and total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3, and the level of these fatty acids in human milk. Total energy and carbohydrate intake among participants were lower, but total fat, saturated fat, and sugar intake were higher than recommended. Protein, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were adequate, but docosahexaenoic acid intake was noticeably lower than recommended. Women should be supported with information regarding their nutritional needs during lactation and the possible impact of diet on human milk composition. Conclusion: Macronutrient (fat, protein, and lactose) content in human milk is not affected by maternal diet. Conversely, the human milk fatty acid profile is affected by the immediate diet consumed by the mother. Habitual dietary habits can also impact the fatty acid profile of human milk.

scholarly journals The study of human milk composition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Liva Aumeistere ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Toxic Element ◽  
Nutritional Adequacy ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Ongoing Project

The Ph.D. thesis was elaborated during the period from November 2016 to March 2021 at the Faculty of Food Technology of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies and the Laboratory of Chemistry of the Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR. The hypothesis of the Ph.D. thesis: maternal nutrition during lactation predicts human milk composition and serves as a basis for providing the essential nutrients for the infant. The hypothesis is supported by the following thesis: • a lactating woman can meet her nutritional needs by consuming a well-balanced diverse diet, which also serves as the basis for providing certain nutrients for infant via human milk; • total fat, protein, lactose content in human milk is not directly affected by maternal diet; • qualitative and quantitative fatty acid composition of human milk is influenced by maternal dietary habits during lactation; • essential and potentially toxic element content in human milk is related to maternal dietary habits during lactation; • exclusively breastfed infants till six months of age can receive a sufficient amount of energy and nutrients (fat, protein, lactose, fatty acids and essential elements) via human milk. The research object of the Ph.D. thesis: mature human milk (at least 28 days postpartum). The aim of the Ph.D. thesis: to evaluate human milk composition in relation to maternal nutrition and to assess nutritional supply for exclusively breastfed infants. Consequential research objectives were set to achieve the aim of the Ph.D. thesis: 1) to analyse protein, lactose, fat, fatty acid, essential (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Se, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Cr) and potentially toxic element (Al, Ni, As, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb) content in human milk; 2) to evaluate the compliance of the women’s nutrition during lactation with the recommendations at the national and European level; 3) evaluate the association between maternal nutrition and human milk composition; 4) based on elaborated human milk composition results, theoretically evaluate nutritional adequacy of exclusively breastfed infants till six months of age. The Ph.D. thesis consists of three chapters: Chapter 1. Overview of the literature. Description of human milk and its composition influencing factors, including maternal nutrition; Chapter 2. Recital of materials, methods, and statistical analysis methods used in the study; Chapter 3. Summary of elaborated results regarding human milk composition and maternal dietary habits during lactation. Assessment of human milk composition in relation to maternal nutrition. Theoretical evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of exclusively breastfed infants (one to six months old). At the end of the Ph.D. thesis, conclusions of the study are compiled, and suggestions for future research are stated. The scientific significance of the Ph.D. thesis: 1) for the first time in Latvia, composition of human milk has been comprehensively analysed; 2) elaborated data serve as a contribution from Latvia to the global research area of human milk composition. The national significance of the Ph.D. thesis: 1) elaborated findings can be used to develop nutritional guidance for lactating women in Latvia; 2) compiled results can be used to develop nutrient intake guidelines for infants in Latvia (≤6 months old). The study has been financially supported by the grants: • Strengthening Research Capacity in the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Project “The study of human milk composition”. Project No. Z2. Contract No. 3.2.-10/44. Project status – finished (project time from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018); • Conducting Fundamental Research in the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Project “Natural variations in fatty acid composition of human milk”. Project No. G1. Contract No. 3.2-10/2019/LLU. Project status – ongoing (project time from 6 January 2020 to 5 January 2022); • Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies Transition to the New Doctoral Funding Model. European Social Fund Project No. 8.2.2.0/20/I/001. Project status – ongoing (project time from 17 May 2021 to 16 May 2022). The Ph.D. thesis is written in English on 127 pages and contains 34 tables, 15 figures, and 19 annexes. In total, 188 information sources were used in the study.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns During Lactation and Human Milk Composition and Quantity: A NESR Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 815-815
Author(s):  
Sara Scinto-Madonich ◽  
Sharon M Donovan ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Rachel Novotny ◽  
Jamie Stang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Postprandial Period

Abstract Objectives To inform the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, the USDA and HHS identified important public health questions to be examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. The Committee conducted a systematic review with support from the USDA's Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team to answer the question: What is the relationship between dietary patterns consumed during lactation and human milk composition and quantity? Methods The Committee developed protocols to describe how they would use NESR's SR methodology to examine the evidence related to dietary patterns (DP) during lactation and human milk (HM). NESR librarians conducted a literature search and NESR analysts dual-screened the results using pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify articles published between 2000 and 2019. NESR analysts extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. The Committee synthesized the evidence, developed conclusion statements, and graded the strength of the evidence. Results This systematic review included 7 articles. Three articles from 2 cross-sectional studies examined DP and HM, while 4 articles from 3 randomized controlled trials examined diets based on macronutrient distributions and HM. The body of evidence was limited by small sample sizes, risk of bias concerns, heterogeneous methods, and study populations with limited racial/ethnic and socioeconomic diversity. Conclusions Limited evidence suggests that maternal consumption of diets higher in fat (&gt;35% fat) and lower in carbohydrate during lactation is related to higher total fat in HM collected in the maternal postprandial period. Limited evidence suggests that certain maternal DP during lactation, including diets based on macronutrient distributions, are related to the relative proportions of saturated fat and monounsaturated fatty acids in HM, and of polyunsaturated fatty acids in HM collected in the maternal postprandial period. Insufficient or no evidence was available to assess the association between DP during lactation and HM quantity, as well as total protein, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, human milk oligosaccharides, and bioactive proteins in HM. Funding Sources USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion.

scholarly journals Variation and Interdependencies of Human Milk Macronutrients, Fatty Acids, Adiponectin, Insulin, and IGF-II in the European PreventCD Cohort

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grunewald ◽  
Hellmuth ◽  
Kirchberg ◽  
Mearin ◽  
Auricchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
European Countries ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Factor Ii ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Impact

Human milk composition is variable. The identification of influencing factors and interdependencies of components may help to understand the physiology of lactation. In this study, we analyzed linear trends in human milk composition over time, the variation across different European countries and the influence of maternal celiac disease. Within a multicenter European study exploring potential prevention of celiac disease in a high-risk population (PreventCD), 569 human milk samples were donated by women from five European countries between 16 and 163 days postpartum. Some 202 mothers provided two samples at different time points. Protein, carbohydrates, fat and fatty acids, insulin, adiponectin, and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) were analyzed. Milk protein and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased during the first three months of lactation. Fatty acid composition was significantly influenced by the country of residence. IGF-II and adiponectin concentrations correlated with protein content (r = 0.24 and r = 0.35), and IGF-II also correlated with fat content (r = 0.36), suggesting a possible regulatory role of IGF in milk macronutrient synthesis. Regarding the impact of celiac disease, only the level in palmitic acid was influenced by this disease, suggesting that breastfeeding by celiac disease mothers should not be discouraged.

scholarly journals The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Maria Lorella Giannì ◽  
Giulia Vizzari ◽  
Sara Vizzuso ◽  
Jacopo Cerasani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Interconnected System ◽  
Offspring Health ◽  
Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

Role of nutrition in preventing insulin resistance in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Blasetti ◽  
Simone Franchini ◽  
Laura Comegna ◽  
Giovanni Prezioso ◽  
Francesco Chiarelli
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Prenatal Period ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

AbstractNutrition during prenatal, early postnatal and pubertal period is crucial for the development of insulin resistance and its consequences. During prenatal period fetal environment and nutrition seems to interfere with metabolism programming later in life. The type of dietary carbohydrates, glycemic index, protein, fat and micronutrient content in maternal nutrition could influence insulin sensitivity in the newborn. The effects of lactation on metabolism and nutritional behavior later in life have been studied. Dietary habits and quality of diet during puberty could prevent the onset of a pathological insulin resistance through an adequate distribution of macro- and micronutrients, a diet rich in fibers and vegetables and poor in saturated fats, proteins and sugars. We want to overview the latest evidences on the risk of insulin resistance later in life due to both nutritional behaviors and components during the aforementioned periods of life, following a chronological outline from fetal development to adolescence.

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

scholarly journals Dietary Patterns during Lactation and Human Milk Composition and Quantity: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Donovan ◽  
Kathryn Dewey ◽  
Rachel Novotny ◽  
Jamie Stang ◽  
Elsie Taveras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Milk Composition

Nutrition and Lactation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-443
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
Homer Anderson ◽  
Platon Jack Collipp ◽  
Buford L. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Milk Lipid ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Milk Lipids ◽  
Breast Fed

Lactation is a continuation of intrauterine gestation. In both processes, maternal diet plays an active role in the provision of nutrients, maternal nutritional stores and endocrine adaptations serve to buffer the short-term variations in maternal nutritional intake, blood flow plays an overriding role in nutrient transfer to the fetus and newborn infant, and the nutrient demands of the recipient are the highest of any stage in human development. Human milk is remarkable in its variability. Recent data suggest that the variability often improves the nutrient composition as part of a complex adaptation to the infant's specific needs. A comprehensive survey of the literature on lactation and human milk is provided in two review articles.1,2 NUTRIENTS Lipids Milk lipids provide the major fraction of calories in human milk, yet they are the most variable constituent.3 Preceding a nursing, the fluid phase of milk stored within the gland resembles skimmed milk. During the course of a nursing, the contraction of smooth muscle launches the fat droplets. This draught reflex is essential for caloric adequacy for the breast-fed infant.2 Women living under unfavorable socioeconomic conditions have reduced total milk lipid.4-6 There is evidence that supplementing the diets of these women leads to increased milk fat. Under controlled metabolic ward conditions, a high-caloric, high-fat diet can be demonstrated to increase milk fat production.7 The distribution of the spectrum of fatty acids in human milk also is responsive to dietary changes.7-13 Women who are malnourished also produce an excess of 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids.14

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