The Spanish Version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ-ES) and Its Links to Symptoms and Concerns Characteristic of Eating Disorders among Young Adults

The aim of the study was to investigate the psychometric properties (internal consistency, factor structure, and convergent validity) of the Spanish version of the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ-ES) and its links to disordered eating in young adults. Two university student samples with a total of 487 participants (N1age = 21.75 ± 5.10; N2age = 21.17 ± 6.81) participated in the study. They filled out the Eating Habits Questionnaire and the Eating Attitudes Test. Our findings showed that the EHQ-ES demonstrated strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s α = 0.903 and ω = 0.939. The EHQ-ES consists of 20 items to measure problems associated with healthy eating (α = 0.855, ω = 0.879), knowledge of healthy eating (α = 0.783, ω = 0.826) and feeling positively about healthy eating (α = 0.775, ω = 0.773). In addition, subscales of the EHQ correlated with subscales of the EAT-26, showing that Orthorexia Nervosa is associated with disordered eating in a sample of university students. The current study is the first to describe a Spanish version of the EHQ. This demonstrates that EHQ-ES is a reliable screening tool for Spanish-speaking young adults. Moreover, the EHQ-ES can be a useful instrument for assessing ON in research and clinical practice.

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Validation of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale for adolescents

Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0047-2085000000101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (1) ◽

pp. 36-43 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marle S. Alvarenga ◽

Priscila Koritar ◽

Vanessa D. Pinzon ◽

Manoela Figueiredo ◽

Bacy Fleitlich-Bilyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Attitude Scale ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Test Retest Reliability

ABSTRACT Objective To perform the psychometric evaluation of the Disordered Eating Attitude Scale (DEAS) for adolescents. Methods Sample consisted of 1,119 Brazilian adolescents (12-18 years old; 59.6% female) studying at technical schools in São Paulo state-Brazil, who answered an online survey with the DEAS, the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26), and the Restraint Scale (RS). The internal consistency of the DEAS was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The convergent validity of DEAS was evaluated by means of Pearson’s coefficient correlation with EAT-26 and RS. The test-retest reliability was evaluated using a sub-sample of 61 adolescents. Known-groups validity was determined by comparing female student mean scores with scores of 33 female adolescents with eating disorders. Results The reliability of the DEAS was 0.79. EAT-26 and RS scores were positively correlated with DEAS scores (EAT: 0.78 for females and 0.59 for males, p < 0.001; RS: 0.63 for females and 0.48 for males, p < 0.001). The DEAS total and subscale scores differentiated students and patients with eating disorders (p < 0.001). The intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was 0.87. Conclusion Results indicate that the DEAS adolescent version showed good internal consistency, convergent validity, known-groups validity, and test-retest reliability, suggesting its potential in identifying disordered eating attitudes among adolescents. It could also be helpful in identifying adolescents at risk from eating disorders, assisting in prevention programs.

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Eating Disorders in Top Elite Beach Handball Players: Cross Sectional Study

Children ◽

10.3390/children8030245 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 245

Author(s):

Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez ◽

Manuel Vicente-Martínez ◽

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽

Laura Miralles-Amorós ◽

María Martínez-Olcina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Young Adults ◽

Body Composition ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eat 26

(1) Background: The preoccupation with the increasing appearance of eating disorders (ED) in athletes continues to grow, especially in athletes who practice team sports. ED severely affects the eating habits of the athletes, who tend to use unhealthy approaches to control their body weight. The development of nutritional education and early interventions by training staff is essential, and these factors are widely perceived as beneficial in sports medicine. This study evaluates the frequency at which beach handball (BH) players develop ED, also comparing the differences by sex and age (junior: adolescents vs. senior: young adults). In addition, the relation between body composition variables and ED was studied. (2) Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 69 top elite handball players (36 males and 33 females) from the Spanish National BH Team; who were separated by age (junior: adolescents and senior: young adults). The athletes completed the Eating Attitudes Test in its 26 item version (EAT-26). (3) Results: The prevalence of ED indicated that 11% of females had a high possibility of developing an ED, and 3% of males. Regarding the EAT-26 total score and subscales, no significant differences were found between female and male participants, or between the junior and senior categories. The correlations showed an association between body composition, in terms of body mass index, and the EAT-26 total score in both males and females. In the case of males, the correlation was negative. (4) Conclusions: Although there are no significant differences between sex or categories, it has been found that elite athletes are a population that is at high risk of developing ED.

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Prevalence of disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls in Arar City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Health Psychology Research ◽

10.4081/hpr.2018.7444 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Waseem Fatima ◽

Leena M. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Saudi Arabia ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Eating disorders (ED) are one of the most common psychiatric problems faced by todays adolescent girls where the attitude towards weight and shape as well as their perception of body shape are disturbed. The aim of the paper is to assess the prevalence and associated factors of disordered eating attitudes among adolescent girls of Arar city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This is a cross-sectional survey design in which 314 adolescents females (age: 15-19 years) were selected from four schools of Arar city, KSA. Subjects were asked to fill pre-tested questionnaire about socioeconomic status, eating habits and Eating attitude test 26 (EAT 26), there height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Disturbed eating behaviors (EAT-26>20) was found in 25.47% participants. The prevalence of disordered eating was more in overweight and obese than normal weight. Vegetarian girls had higher EAT 26 score than non - vegetarian and significant difference was found in total EAT 26 score and subgroup namely oral control and dieting score (P<0.01) but non-significant difference was found between Saudi and non-Saudi adolescent girls in different BMI ranges. Eating disorders prevalent in adolescent girls and were strongly associated with weight status and eating habits. Future prospective and experimental studies are warranted to advance our understanding of the risk factors to enable better preventive program planning.

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Relationships between inappropriate eating habits and problematic alcohol use, cigarette and waterpipe dependence among male adolescents in Lebanon

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10184-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jana Berro ◽

Marwan Akel ◽

Souheil Hallit ◽

Sahar Obeid

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Male Adolescents ◽

Nutritional Deficit ◽

Problematic Alcohol ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Problematic Alcohol Use

Abstract Background it is important to investigate the relationship between disordered eating in male adolescents and smoking and alcohol consumption as they are risk factors to other diseases as well. For example, high levels of alcohol accompanied by the acidic damage and nutritional deficit exhibited in people with disordered eating habits - due to induced vomiting - has been shown to increase risk of esophageal cancer. Considering the very few studies done on disordered eating prevailing in males and the prevalence of smoking and drinking habits, our study aims to investigate the correlation between inappropriate eating habits and one’s dependence on cigarettes, waterpipes, and alcohol all the while focusing on male adolescents. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study that enrolled 389 male students (13–17 years of age) drawn from five Lebanese schools between October and December 2019. Results The MANCOVA analysis was performed taking the addiction scales as the dependent variables and the EAT-26 score as an independent variable, adjusting for the covariates (age, BMI and household crowding index). Higher EAT-26 scores (more inappropriate eating attitudes) were significantly associated with higher waterpipe dependence (B = 0.11; CI 0.06–0.17) and more problematic alcohol use (B = 0.08; CI 0.04–0.12), but not cigarette dependence. Conclusions This study revealed an association between inappropriate eating and increased drinking and smoking the waterpipe, but not cigarettes. The manifestation of inappropriate eating habits was found to be significant among male adolescents; in the literature, this is also true for female adolescents. In Lebanon, the engagement of adolescents in alcohol drinking and waterpipe smoking is frequent as they are accessible due to the lack of law enforcement and supervision in the country. In addition, while this study found an association between inappropriate eating habits and dependency on smoking and drinking, further investigation should be done on the role of one’s psychology in their exhibition of disordered eating as means to prevent the manifestation of these habits.

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Psychometric Testing of the Spanish Modified Version of the Mini-Suffering State Examination

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18157821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (15) ◽

pp. 7821

Author(s):

Daniel Gutiérrez-Sánchez ◽

Rafael Gómez-García ◽

Isabel María López-Medina ◽

Antonio I. Cuesta-Vargas

Keyword(s):

Internal Consistency ◽

Content Validity ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Informal Caregivers ◽

Psychometric Testing ◽

Spanish Version ◽

Measurement Properties ◽

Quality Of Dying ◽

State Examination

Background: The mini-suffering state examination is a valid and reliable measure that have been used to assess suffering in patients with advanced cancer. The aim of this study was to carry out a psychometric analysis of the Spanish version of the mini-suffering state examination. Method: A validation study was conducted. Seventy-two informal caregivers of deceased patients in palliative care were included in this study. A psychometric testing of content validity, internal consistency, and convergent validity with the Spanish version of the quality of dying and death questionnaire was performed. Results: The original instrument was modified to be used by informal caregivers. The content validity was acceptable (0.96), and the internal consistency was moderate (α = 0.67). Convergent validity was demonstrated (r = −0.64). Conclusion: The Spanish modified version of the MSSE showed satisfactory measurement properties. The Spanish modified version of MSSE can be useful to facilitate screening, monitor progress, and guide treatment decisions in end-of-life cancer patients.

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Zinc-specific Food Frequency Questionnaire To Assess College Women’s Eating Habits

Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research ◽

10.3148/70.4.2009.204 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 204-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Janet M. Lacey ◽

Deanne U. Zotter

Keyword(s):

Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Eating Attitude ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Unhealthy Eating ◽

Starting Point ◽

Eat 26

Zinc deficiency has been reported in individuals with eating disorders, the risks of which increase during the adolescent and early adult years. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) specific for zinc-rich foods was tested for its usefulness in identifying problematic eating behaviour tendencies in college-age women. Ninety-two female students enrolled in a university introductory psychology course volunteered to complete demographic information, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), and a zinc-specific FFQ (ZnFFQ). Relationships among estimated zinc intakes, food/lifestyle habits, and eating attitude variables were examined. Twenty-five women had estimated intakes below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for zinc. Individuals in the highest zinc intake group (over twice the RDA) had a tendency to score higher on the EAT-26 and the bulimia subscale. Vegetarians also scored high on the EAT-26. Although our data are limited, the ZnFFQ should be studied further to determine whether it could play a useful role in identifying individuals at risk for bulimia. The ZnFFQ is a simple, non-confrontational assessment tool and may be a helpful starting point for identifying women with unhealthy eating habits.

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Orthorexia nervosa and disordered eating attitudes among Lebanese adults: Assessing psychometric proprieties of the ORTO-R in a population-based sample

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0254948

Author(s):

Souheil Hallit ◽

Anna Brytek-Matera ◽

Sahar Obeid

Keyword(s):

Disordered Eating ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Population Based ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Orthorexia Nervosa ◽

Arabic Version ◽

Mean Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Background Previous research demonstrated a relationship between ON and disordered eating symptoms (eating concern, restraint, cognitive preoccupations about body shape and weight) and disordered eating attitudes (DEA). Since screening for orthorexia nervosa is now part of clinical practice, the measurement instruments to be used must be clinically significant, reliable, valid and sensitive to our target population. The main objective of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of the Arabic version of the ORTO-R using a first sample of Lebanese adults and confirm those results on another sample. The secondary objective was to assess sex differences in terms of ON and DEA, as well as to examine whether symptoms of ON were related to DEA in Lebanese adults. Methods A total of 783 Lebanese adults was selected to participate in this cross-sectional study (January-May 2018) using a proportionate random sample from all Lebanese governorates. Results The mean age of the total sample was 27.78 ± 11.60 years (Min. 18 –Max. 84) (33.5% females) and their mean BMI was 24.36 ± 5.31 kg/m2. All items of the ORTO-R were extracted during the factor analysis and yielded a two-factor solution with Eigenvalues > 1 (variance explained = 50.07%; KMO = 0.570; Bartlett’s sphericity test p<0.001; αCronbach = 0.755). This factor structure was confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis; the Maximum Likelihood Chi-Square = 26.894 and Degrees of Freedom = 8, which gave a χ2/df = 3.36. The Tucker Lewis Index (TLI) value was 0.914, whereas the standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) value was 0.032. The root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value was 0.077 [95% CI 0.046–0.111] (pclose = 0.07) and comparative fit index (CFI) value was 0.967 respectively, indicating a good fit of the model. There was also no measurement invariance between genders. Female gender was significantly associated with lower ORTO-R scores (more orthorexia nervosa) compared to males (B = -0.65; p = 0.026, 95% CI -1.22- -0.08; ɳ2 = 0.006). However, no significant difference was found between genders in terms of EAT-26 scores (B = 0.23; p = 0.813, 95% CI -1.66–2.12; ɳ2 = 0.0001). Higher ORTO-R scores (lower/ less pathological ON tendencies and behaviors) were significantly related to higher EAT-26 total scores (higher levels of DEA) as well as higher dieting, bulimia and oral control scores in both females (from a weak to a moderate positive correlation) and males (a weak positive correlation). Conclusion This cross-sectional population-based study confirmed the factor structure of the Arabic version of the ORTO-R, demonstrated an association between ON and DEA and revealed more ON among females compared to males.

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Social Media, Thin-Ideal, Body Dissatisfaction and Disordered Eating Attitudes: An Exploratory Analysis

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16214177 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (21) ◽

pp. 4177 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Aparicio-Martinez ◽

Perea-Moreno ◽

Martinez-Jimenez ◽

Redel-Macías ◽

Pagliari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Body Image ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Prenatal Testosterone ◽

Beauty Ideals ◽

Body Concerns ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes

Disordered eating attitudes are rapidly increasing, especially among young women in their twenties. These disordered behaviours result from the interaction of several factors, including beauty ideals. A significant factor is social media, by which the unrealistic beauty ideals are popularized and may lead to these behaviours. The objectives of this study were, first, to determine the relationship between disordered eating behaviours among female university students and sociocultural factors, such as the use of social network sites, beauty ideals, body satisfaction, body image and the body image desired to achieve and, second, to determine whether there is a sensitive relationship between disordered eating attitudes, addiction to social networks, and testosterone levels as a biological factor. The data (N = 168) was obtained using validated surveys (EAT-26, BSQ, CIPE-a, SNSA) and indirect measures of prenatal testosterone. The data was analysed using chi-square, Student’s t-test, correlation tests and logistic regression tests. The results showed that disordered eating attitudes were linked to self-esteem (p < 0.001), body image (p < 0.001), body desired to achieve (p < 0.001), the use of social media (p < 0.001) and prenatal testosterone (p < 0.01). The findings presented in this study suggest a relationship between body image, body concerns, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating attitudes among college women.

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Disordered eating attitudes correlate with body dissatisfaction among Kuwaiti male college students

Journal of Eating Disorders ◽

10.1186/s40337-019-0265-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mariam Ebrahim ◽

Dalal Alkazemi ◽

Tasleem A. Zafar ◽

Stan Kubow

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Body Dissatisfaction ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Body Fat ◽

Body Image Dissatisfaction ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Male College ◽

Eat 26 ◽

Disordered Eating Attitudes ◽

Male College Students

Abstract Background The prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction based on muscularity and body fat was investigated among male college students in Kuwait with a range of body mass index values including underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese participants. Methods Data were collected, using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Bodybuilder Image Grid (BIG), from 400 male undergraduate students (84.8% Kuwaiti nationals) recruited from both public and private universities in Kuwait. An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the prevalence of symptomatology indicative of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa and to examine the associations between body dissatisfaction and muscularity and body fat. Results Most participants were dissatisfied with their current muscle mass and body fat (67.3 and 69%, respectively). Logistic regression analyses produced odds ratios (ORs) demonstrating that students dissatisfied with their muscularity and body fat and those who indicated a desire to decrease both muscularity and body fat had significantly higher odds of being at risk of disordered eating attitudes (OR = 2.241, 95% CI [1.17, 3.6], p = .032, and OR = 1.898, 95% CI [1.214, 2.967], p = .005, respectively). Obese participants also had higher odds of exhibiting disordered eating attitudes (OR = 2.06, 95% CI [1.17, 3.60], p = .011). Conclusion The high proportion of disordered eating attitudes among Kuwaiti college men was associated with high levels of body image dissatisfaction in relation to both body fat and muscularity. High levels of eating disorder symptoms were also linked to obesity.

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Assessment of the eating behaviour of adolescent girls from Varna, Bulgaria

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.929 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

D Marinov ◽

D Najdenova ◽

T Dimitrova

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High Risk ◽

Early Detection ◽

Disordered Eating ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Eating Behaviour ◽

Eating Attitudes ◽

Significant Percentage ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Eat 26

Abstract Background Healthy eating behaviour of children determines their normal physical and neuropsychological status. Epidemiological data has revealed an increasing prevalence rate of disordered eating behaviour in the population for all ages and genders. It is most common in adolescent girls who often conduct extreme weight control practices, driven by a desire to achieve the “perfect” body shape. Methods A study was conducted among 240 adolescent girls from Varna aiming to estimate their eating behaviour. The data was collected via: • Anthropometric measurements for assessment of the nutritional status Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition assessmentQuestionnaires including: Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ); The Eating Attitudes Test - 26 (EAT- 26) to access the risk factors for the development of eating disorders (ED); Questionnaire for identification of risk factors contributing to early dieting. Results The analysis of the results shows that the eating behaviour of the female students aged from 14 to 19 years in Varna can be defined as risky. Findings demonstrate a significant percentage of subjects who are on a diet at the time of the survey. Over 36% of the participants show at least 1 symptom correlating with an increased risk for the development of ED and 22.7% are at very high risk of developing an ED in the future. Conclusions The findings suggest that adolescent girls tend to engage in unhealthy approaches trying to reach their “thin ideal”. Early detection of disordered eating behaviour is especially important to prevent the development of clinically expressed ED and the complications associated with them. Key messages The study has revealed that a significant percentage of adolescent girls are at high risk of developing an eating disorder. The data shows a need for an early detection program for risky eating behaviour in order to prevent the development of ED amongst adolescents.

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